Modern poultry farmers adopt the use of herbs of medicinal importance in feeds to alleviate the potential of infectious diseases but its effects on carcass need to be ascertained. This research aimed to determine the effect of different levels of turmeric (Curcuma longa) powder on the carcass characteristics of broiler chickens. Four experimental rations designated as TC, T1, T2, and T3 having 0g, 50g, 100g and 150g Turmeric (Curcuma longa) powder per 25kg of feed respectively were fed to 120 broiler chicks for 7 weeks, the chicks were randomly distributed into four groups comprising of 30 chicks per group. The following weights (before fasting, fasting, bled, plucked and organs) were taken and recorded. The results of this study shows that the carcass traits- musculature (drumstick weight: 152.55±3.18; neck weight: 53.4±11.74) of the broilers significantly (P<0.05) improved by the turmeric (Curcuma longa) powder compared to the control group (drumstick weight: 134.05±11.95; 49.15±6.58). No significant (P>0.05) difference in the carcass quality traits and on the weight of the visceral organs of the broiler chickens at different levels was found. It was concluded that the supplementation has a positive significant effect on the cut–up–parts (breast, back and thigh) of the different treatment groups of the broilers. However, it has no significant effect on the carcass quality traits and visceral organs. It was recommended to supplement turmeric (Curcuma longa) powder in broiler feed for improved cut–up–parts.

This paper presented the design, construction and testing of an improved digital industrial incubator. This research aimed to produce a reliable and efficient industrial incubator; the method uses digital temperature and humidity sensors for more accurate temperature and humidity control in various industries. The system overcomes the disadvantage of analog- based thermostat systems for stable and precise operation. The design incorporates a digital temperature sensor to detect temperature and pass on the data to the microcontroller. The 328 microcontroller processes data and sends the temperature and humidity to be displayed on the LCD screen. The most critical performance limitation in incubators was explored to find improved solutions. The problems associated with transient or momentary shut-off due to voltage or current surge during operation were overcome through improved design by adopting an improved stable compensation circuit. Other issues faced by commercial incubators due to non-uniform temperatures and the loss of some hatching eggs were addressed by integrating high-performance condition sensors in the design. The system displays both temperature and humidity in the LCD. When it exceeds our set limit, it automatically switches off load (heater) to control the temperature. The incubator has a hatching capacity of thirty eggs, factors that were considered during the performance evaluation of the technology were temperature 37 ̊C and humidity 55% till hatching. Turning of eggs was achieved with the use of a permanent magnet motor mechanism controlled by the programmed for one minutes for six hours each. Thirty fresh and matured eggs were collected from the breeder and were used to test the incubator. The test results show the average hatchability was 92.2% and infertility of 7.8%. This indicates that the incubator had outstanding results that will boost poultry production in the country.

The recognition of herbal medicines for treating various illnesses stems from their effectiveness, affordability, accessibility, alignment with patients' beliefs, perceived low toxicity, minimal side effects, and fulfillment of the desire for personalized healthcare. However, there are growing concerns regarding the safety of herbal medicines. This study aimed to assess the safety of hydroethanolic extract of Citrullus lanatus (watermelon) seeds in female Wistar rats. Twenty rats were randomized into four groups (I, II, III and IV) of five animals each. The rats in group I (Control) received 1.0 mL of distilled water orally, while those in groups II, III and IV received equal volume (1.0 mL) of the hydroethanolic extract of C. lanatus seeds, corresponding to 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg body weight, respectively for 7 days. Weight changes were monitored, and on the eighth day, biochemical analyses were conducted on serum and tissues. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of several compounds, with notable minerals including iron (16.20 mg/mL), potassium (8.57 mg/mL), and magnesium (6.40 mg/mL). Heavy metals analysis reveals the presence of cadmium (0.12 mg/mL), chromium (8.44 mg/mL), lead (0.23 mg/mL), and cobalt (0.58 mg/mL) in trace amount. Lipid profile analysis showed a significant decrease (p<0.05) in total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TAG) at higher doses, accompanied by an increase in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and a decrease in low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Hematological parameters showed no significant changes except for lymphocytes; mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and red blood cell count (RBC), which increased dose-dependently, while neutrophils decreased. Liver parameters indicated increased levels of protein, bilirubin, and albumin, with decreased ALT, AST, and LDH activities. Urea, calcium, chloride, and sodium ion activities increased significantly, while potassium, bicarbonate, uric acid, and creatinine activities showed no significant differences. Overall, the study suggests that the hydroethanolic extract of C. lanatus seeds is safe and exhibits hepatoprotective, antihyperlipidemic, and hematological effects.

Artemisia annua is an annual plant, initially a wild plant but now cultivated for its anti-malarial and other antimicrobial activities. Germination is one of the important stages of growth and development in plants, often regulated by internal and external factors. The research aimed at determining the temperature suitable for the germination of Artemesia annua. This study was conducted at the federal university in Birnin Kebbi, a permanent site in the Kalgo local government area of Kebbi state. One hundred and fifty (150) seeds of Arteminisin annua were put into three petri dishes after placing a wet filter paper; each was placed at 350 C, 370 C, and 250 C, and the treatments were replicated three times each. And observations were made at 24-hour intervals. Speed, percentage, and mean germination time were computed according to standard procedures and protocols of the International Plant Genetic Resource Institute (IPGRI). Temperature significantly (P 0.05) affected the germination of the seed of Artemesia annua L. The highest percentage of 29.9 was observed at 250oC, and the lowest percentage of 0.35 was observed at 35oC. However, speed and mean germination time were all significantly affected by temperature. In conclusion, the present study revealed that seeds of Artemesia annua L germinate best at 250 °C. Therefore, Artemesia annua L can be grown in sub-Saharan countries for its efficacy in the treatment of malaria.

Background and Objective: High maternal and child mortality remains a significant public health concern, particularly in rural areas. This study sought to understand the determinants of maternal and child health (MCH) outcomes in rural areas of Oyo State, Nigeria, focusing on factors influencing these outcomes and identifying strategies for improvement. Materials and Methods: The study used a descriptive cross-sectional survey design. A sample of 500 mothers with children under five living in diverse rural areas in Oyo State was selected using purposive sampling and administered structured questionnaires, including demographic data and research questions, in order to collect data. Their responses gathered were analysed using descriptive statistics. Results: The results showed that the majority of the respondents aged 30-39, or 45%, responded more to the questionnaire. 178 or 36% of respondents had no formal education, 80 or 16% were highly educated. The employment status revealed that 180 or 37% of the respondents were unemployed. 36% of the sample had access to antenatal and postnatal care referral, skilled health workers and emergency obstetric care, 42% to treated water supply, and good sanitation, 36% to communication and transportation services, and 32% used mosquito-treated nets for malaria prophylaxis. 66% rely on traditional healers or birth attendants for their delivery and basic health care needs, 62% refuse to vaccinate their children due to concerns that vaccinations are unsafe, and 40% care or make much provision for adequate infant child feeding and balanced diets. Conclusion and Recommendation: The study concluded that the findings significantly influence MCH outcomes in the rural areas of Oyo State. This study suggests the need for improved MCH in rural areas of Oyo State. Targeted interventions addressing socio-economic and basic amenities needs are recommended to improve outcomes, reducing the morbidity and mortality rates.

Canals are generally known to draw water from surrounding wetlands which then have negative impacts on surroundings. In tropical areas, residents in proximity to such canals tend to suffer from diseases such as malaria and typhoid due to the stagnancy of these canals. This study therefore, investigated the ecotoxicological and health threats of Aguda-Ijesha canal by microbiological and heavy metals analysis. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and microbiological examinations were done to water samples obtained from this canal, using standard protocols and compared with the World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limits. The microbiological analysis indicated that the canal is abundant in harmful microorganisms, with bacteria, fungi/yeast, and fecal coliform accruing counts of 4.70 x 10⁷ 2.0 x 10³, and 1.10 x 10³ respectively. Isolated microorganisms included Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (bacteria), Fusarium spp (fungi), and Escherichia coli (fecal coliform). Heavy metal analysis revealed that the concentrations of cadmium, copper, zinc, and lead surpassed the allowable limits recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). The specimen contained cadmium at a mean value of 0.031±0.002, while copper had a mean value of 0.414±0.002, the mean value of zinc was 2.428±0.080, and finally, lead had a mean value of 0.033±0.001. These findings pose grave public health hazards for the inhabitants, particularly those who are close to the canal. Therefore preventive and punitive measures need to be enacted, to mitigate the amount of indiscriminate waste disposal, as well as exercises like disinfection and dredging to be done intermittently.

The antibacterial efficacy of Terminalia catappa (Tropical almond) leaf crude extracts was carried out using agar “well” diffusion method on some clinical pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi) which were obtained from Federal Medical Centre Birnin Kebbi, Kebbi State. The ethanol and aqueous extracts were obtained using ethanol and warm water, as solvents for the extraction respectively. The antibacterial efficacy testing of Terminalia catappa leaf crude extracts indicates appreciable activity against the pathogens with the varying concentrations (10, 30, 50 and 70 mg/ml) used. The phytochemical studies were carried on the ethanol and aqueous crude extracts of Terminalia catappa leaf, in order to ascertain the presence of certain bioactive compounds. The screening revealed the presence of some important bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides and glycosides which could be responsible for the observed efficacy. The varying concentrations of the extracts were introduced to prepared “well” inside the plates, the plates were then incubated at 370C for 24 hours, the zone of inhibition were then measured after the incubation period. The highest activity of 24.0mm was recorded for the ethanol extract on Salmonella typhi at the highest concentration of 70mg/ml used while the aqueous extract indicates the highest activity of 20.0mm against the two test bacteria at the highest concentration of 70mg/ml used. Ciprofloxacin antibiotic impregnated disc was used for the positive control. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration study of both the ethanol and aqueous crude extracts of Terminalia catappa leaf on the test bacteria indicates that the extracts has both bacteriostatic and bactericidal efficacy. The responses of the test bacteria to the crude extracts of Terminalia catappa leaf and the presence of very important bioactive compounds in the plant leaf has provided clue of using the leaf of Terminalia catappa for medicinal remedy against disease caused by the test bacteria under study. Toxicity level of this plant leaf should be determined for safety purpose.

Leptadenia hastata (Decne) is a climbing shrub which produces many flexible latexes that become woody at the bottom. The plant is used as nutritional as well as for medicinal purpose because of its health promoting properties. This study focused on the determination of phytochemical and proximate composition of aqueous leaf extract of Leptadenia hastata (Decne). Phytochemical and proximate composition were determined according to the methods of AOAC, 1990 and AOAC, 2010 respectively. phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, Saponins, Tannins, and Flavonoids. The result of the proximate composition indicated that crude fibre content was the highest (27.00 ± 0.03g%), followed by the ash content (23.00 ± 0.006), Carbohydrate (21.84 ± 0.68g%), Crude Protein (13.92 ± 0.32), Crude lipid (7.53 ± 0.91), and a low moisture content (4.48 ± 0.60). From the Results obtained L. hestata leaves possesses a rich phytochemical and nutritional. Profile which can be utilised as pharmacological agents in the treatment of some diseases as well as meet the nutritional requirement of the body.

Leptadenia hastata (Decne) is a climbing shrub which produces many flexible latexes that become woody at the bottom. The plant is used as nutritional as well as for medicinal purpose because of its health promoting properties. This study focused on the determination of phytochemical and proximate composition of aqueous leaf extract of Leptadenia hastata (Decne). Phytochemical and proximate composition were determined according to the methods of AOAC, 1990 and AOAC, 2010 respectively. phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, Saponins, Tannins, and Flavonoids. The result of the proximate composition indicated that crude fibre content was the highest (27.00 ± 0.03g%), followed by the ash content (23.00 ± 0.006), Carbohydrate (21.84 ± 0.68g%), Crude Protein (13.92 ± 0.32), Crude lipid (7.53 ± 0.91), and a low moisture content (4.48 ± 0.60). From the Results obtained L. hestata leaves possesses a rich phytochemical and nutritional. Profile which can be utilised as pharmacological agents in the treatment of some diseases as well as meet the nutritional requirement of the body.

The liver and the kidney are two of the major organs affected by the complications of diabetes mellitus. This study was aimed at investigating the ameliorative effects of methanol extract of Justicia carnea leaves (MEJC) on liver and kidney dysfunction in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic wistar rats. Thirty-six (36) male wistar rats weighing between 180 to 200 g (mean weight = 190 ± 10 g) were purchased and divided into six (6) groups, each with six (6) rats. Group 1 designated as the normal control, receiving water and standard rat chow only, group 2 was induced with diabetes and but untreated, while group 3 rats were induced with diabetes and treated with 50 mg/kg bw of metformin, groups 4, 5 and 6 were induced with diabetes and treated with 100, 200 and 500 mg/kg bw of MEJC, respectively. Diabetes mellitus was induced in the rats by intraperitoneal injection of 50 mg/kg bw of STZ. All the rats were provided with standard rat chow and unrestricted access to water for the period of the study. After 21 days of the treatment, the rats were sacrificed, and blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis, while the livers and kidneys were harvested and processed for histopathological screening. The acute toxicity study of the methanol extract of J. carnea leaves shows no potential toxic effects. The results also showed that there were significant (p < 0.05) increases in ALP, AST and ALT in the diabetic control when compared to the normal control which significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in the metformin treated group (group 3) and the groups given graded doses of the MEJC (groups 4-6). The hepatic and renal indices were significantly attenuated in the diabetic treated groups compared to the diabetic untreated groups. Albumin, direct bilirubin and total bilirubin concentrations were increased in the diabetic control group compared to the diabetic metformin and extract treated groups. There was significantly decreased (p < 0.05) concentration of total protein in the diabetic untreated control group compared to the metformin and extract treated groups. Urea and creatinine levels of the diabetic control increased significantly (p < 0.05) when compared to the normal control while the levels decreased significantly (p < 0 .05) when compared to the metformin treated group and graded doses of the extract respectively. The histomorphology of the liver and kidney sections showed amelioration in the damaged cells to near normal architecture. From the results of this present study, the methanol extract of Justicia carnea leaves attenuated the hepatorenal damage caused by the STZ-induced diabetes in wistar rats and hence have both hepatoprotective and nephroprotective potentials.

Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in women worldwide and the leading cause of cancer death in both developed and developing countries. Mammography is a highly effective and widely used imaging modality for breast cancer screening and detection. This study is aimed at documenting the mammographic patterns of 92 females who had screening mammography at Federal Medical Centre Birnin Kebbi. The study was conducted in the department of radiology, Federal Medical Centre Birnin Kebbi from January, 2020 to December, 2023. The sociodemographic data and clinical history of the participants were obtained using a mammographic patient information form consisting of variables such as age, occupation, age at menarche, last menstrual period, marital status, parity, age at menopause, family history of breast cancer, previous breast surgery, use of contraceptives, previous mammography, biopsy and use of hormonal replacement therapy. A total of 92 females had screening mammography. All the participants had mediolateral (MLO) and craniocaudal (CC) views with additional views in selected participants. The mammograms were acquired on digital mammographic films and reported by two consultant radiologists, independently in different sessions. The findings were assigned and categorized using BI-RADS classification method.The participant’s ages ranged from 40 to 68 years with a mean of 53.8 ± 9.1 years. Sixty-three (68.5%) had normal mammograms; the abnormal findings were: axillary lymph nodes 12 (13.0%), benign breast masses 10 (10.9%), parenchymal architectural distortion 4 (4.3%) and macro-calcifications 3 (3.3%). No breast masses with malignant features were seen. Majority of the participants for screening mammography were found to have normal mammograms; this indicates that the burden of breast disease is low in the study area. This study sheds light on the patterns and demographics of mammographic screening in Birnin Kebbi, northwest Nigeria, indicating a moderate participation rate, with a mammography prevalence of 31.5% among women who were screened.

Street-vended foods, including Moringa oleifera leaf, are a vital component of the informal food system in Kebbi State, Nigeria. However, the nutritional and microbial quality of these street-vended foods are often compromised due to inadequate handling, storage, and hygiene practices, posing a risk to consumer health. In view of this, this study assessed the nutritional and microbial quality of street-vended Moringa oleifera leaf in Birnin Kebbi metropolis. Random samples were collected from five major vending zones and analyzed for proximate composition and microbial contamination using standard analytical procedures as described by Association of Official Analytical Chemists. The results showed that the street-vended Moringa leaf had good nutritional potential, with significant amounts of protein, fiber, and minerals. The analyzed samples exhibited the following ranges of nutritional composition: moisture content of 67.7-70.2%, ash content of 1.0-2.0%, fibre content of 11.1 -16.9%, lipid content of 0.2-0.9%, protein content of 10.7-14.3% and carbohydrate content of 10.7-14.3%. Although various bacterial species, including pathogenic strains such as Escherichia coli, Corynebacterium pyogenes, Listeria spp, Corynebacterium equi, Streptococcus spp, Corynebacterium ovis, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Lactobacillus spp., Bacillus spp and Corynebacterium spp, were detected, the microbial load assessment revealed that microbial levels were within the recommended standards of WHO. The result also revealed that Corynebacterium was the most frequently occurring bacteria. The study indicates that while streetvended Moringa leaf may be a nutritious addition to the diet, its consumption poses a risk of microbial contamination. Therefore, the findings highlight the need for improved handling, storage, and hygiene practices among street vendors to ensure the safety of street-vended foods.

Tilapia species have been associated with prolific breeding problem, and farmers required effective solution to such problem. Terpenoids have been reported to promote several biological activities in living system. This research was carried out to investigate the effects of crude terpenoids extracted from Nigella sativa in solving the prolific breeding problem through the production of all male Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The crude terpenoids was extracted and quantified from Nigella sativa seeds extract according to the standard procedure. Nile Tilapia brood stocks were obtained and allowed to breed and the resulting fries were immediately collected with scoops net which were randomly assigned into four (4) concrete tanks. A group was fed with diet containing no phytoadditive (control diet). During the experiment, fish sexes were determined accordingly. The experimental lasted for four months. The terpenoids percentage yielded from Nigella sativa seeds extract was found to be 3.07±0.12%. Results showed no significant association (P<0.05) between the survival rate of fish fed with the treated diets and the control diet. A 100% male was obtained in group fed diet containing 2 ml/kg of terpenoids. This significantly differed (P<0.05) from the control group which has least percentage (56%) of male. The study revealed that terpenoids from Nigella sativa seeds can be used in the production of all male Nile tilapia in a safe and environmental friendly approach.

Ficus platyphylla (Fig tree) is one of many medicinal plants used in Nigeria in managing various medical conditions. This study evaluated the protective effects of Ficus platyphylla on Nitrosomethylurea (NMU)-induced breast carcinogenesis. A total number of 25 female mice (19g -25g) were divided into five groups. They were pre-treated with NMU, then orally administered 1600,800 and 400 mgkg-1 of extract respectively for 10 weeks, others received cisplatin (reference drug) and normal saline (control). Upon expiration, mice were euthanized via jugular puncture. Breast tissue was harvested for biochemical, antioxidant, histologic and DNA analysis. There was insignificant body weight increase. Biochemical analysis showed significant increase in ALP for cisplatin (p˂0.05), urea for 800 mg kg-1 (p˂0.05) and 400 mg kg-1 (p˂0.01). Total protein significantly reduced (p˂0.01) in 1600 mg kg-1 . GSH significantly increased (p˂0.01) at 400 and 800 mg kg-1 doses, and significantly decreased (p˂0.01) in MDA at 400 mg kg-1 . Breast histoarchitecture was conserved for treatments. DNA purity and concentration increased significantly in treatments. AXIN1 gene electrophoresis displayed clear bands for treatments. The increased GSH and decreased MDA suggest that extract counteracted oxidative stress associated with NMU. Reduced urea could imply potentially decreased metabolic burden from NMU toxicity. Conserved breast histoarchitecture suggests extract's protective effects. Enhanced DNA concentration, purity, and clear AXIN1 gene bands, may pontificate that extract supports DNA repair mechanisms to mitigate carcinogenic damage. This study, therefore infer that the extract offers protection against NMU-induced carcinogenesis, possibly elicited by flavonoids, steroids, alkaloids, triterpenoids, phenols, terpenoids, and coumarins in extract.

Agroforestry, which integrates trees and shrubs into crop and livestock systems, offers numerous benefits, including improved soil fertility, increased biodiversity, and enhanced resilience to climate change. This study assesses the effectiveness of mass media in promoting agroforestry technologies among smallholder farmers in Kaduna State, Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling technique was employed to select 180 respondents. Kaduna State was first stratified into its three agricultural zones: Zone A (Maigana), Zone B (Barnawa), and Zone C (Samaru Kataf). One Local Government Area (LGA) was randomly selected from each zone, targeting those with the highest number of agroforestry farmers. Three districts were randomly chosen from each LGA, and two villages were purposively selected from each district, culminating in 18 villages. Finally, ten agroforestry farmers from each village were purposively selected, totalling 180 respondents. Data was collected using a validated and pretested structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics such as frequency distribution, tables, percentages, and means were used for data analysis. Findings reveal that radio is the most effective medium for disseminating agricultural information, cited by 52.8% of respondents, followed by posters and mobile phones. However, significant constraints, including inconvenient programme timing, poor network services, lack of extension services, and economic barriers, hinder the effective use of mass media. The demographic analysis indicates that most respondents are within the productive age bracket of 31-40 years, predominantly male, with varying educational attainment and farming experience. The study recommends enhancing radio programme scheduling, improving network infrastructure, strengthening extension services, among others to overcome these challenges.

The global use of herbal medicines has increased, emphasizing the need for quality assurance. A study in Birnin Kebbi, Kebbi State, analyzed herbal liquid samples using microbiological techniques. Twenty (20) samples were collected from different locations. Bacterial counts in different areas ranged from 1.86x106 to 520x106 cfu/ml, while fungal counts ranged from 3.1x105 to 7.2x105 CFU/ml, the results showed no statistically significant differences between the average scores of the five groups (p-value = 0.42). Bacteriological and fungal analysis involved various agar media and culturing methods, resulting in the identification of six bacterial species (Bacillus marinus, Bacillus insolitus, Staphylococcus aureus, Serratiaspp, and Lactobacillus delbrueckii) and three fungal genera (Penicillium marneffei, Aspergillus niger, and Phialophora parasiticum). Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus spp, and Lactobacillus delbrueckii were the most frequently isolated bacteria. The majority of samples exceeded the recommended range for bacterial and fungal counts, posing a risk according to Public Health Laboratory Service guidelines for liquid herbal drugs. To prevent food-borne infections, continuous monitoring and adherence to standard compliance measures are crucial for ensuring the safety and quality of herbal medicines along the streets.

Yoghurt is the main fermented and well-patronized dairy product produced commercially within Birnin Kebbi Metropolis of Kebbi State, Nigeria. As far as the nutritional composition is concerned, some of the produced yoghurts are either not labelled or inadequately labelled. The aim of this research was to evaluate the safety and quality of selected yoghurts sold in Birnin Kebbi Metropolis, Kebbi State. A total of four commercialized brands of yoghurts were collected within Birnin Kebbi Metropolis. The brands were coded as A1, A2, A3 andA4 and they were analyzed for proximate composition, peroxide value and free fatty acid and the presence of coliform. Statistical analysis was done using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results revealed there were significant differences (p< 0.05) in moisture, ash, fat, protein, and carbohydrate contents of all the 4 brands of yoghurt. The moisture content of all the four samples ranged from 77.00 to 89.30%, ash ranged from 0.5 to 1.5%, fat ranged from 2.80 to 4.20%, protein ranged from 1.85 to 2.75% and carbohydrate ranging from 4.90 to 15.35%. There was also significant difference (p<0.05) in the peroxide values of all the four samples. A1 had the lowest peroxide value of 7.75meq/ml, while A2 had the highest peroxide value of 10.50meq/ml. The percentage free fatty acids obtained in the samples ranged from 0.42 to 0.78.The result indicates zero coliforms in all the samples. These variations could be attributed to the differences in the compositions of the raw materials used and the methods of production. The findings of this study reveal that all the four brands of yoghurt are of good quality with regards to the parameters evaluated. Although some parameters of proximate analysis did not align with established standards, the complete absence of coliforms indicates a high level of adherence to strict manufacturing practices and a commitment to quality control. Therefore, this study suggests the need for continual quality assessment and adherence to regulatory standards to ensure consistent product quality and safety in yogurts sold in Nigeria.

Groundwater quality investigation of Toronka, Durbawa and Maruda villages, part of Sokoto Sheet 10 Sokoto, northwestern Nigeria covering an area of 30km2 was carried out to determine its level of contamination and suitability for domestic and agricultural uses. Six (6) water samples were collected from various hand dug wells and boreholes in the three (3) villages in the study area. Physical and chemical parameters, such as electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), pH, and temperature, were evaluated using standard protocols. Both the chemical and heavy metal analyses were conducted at the Multi-User Laboratory, Umaru Musa Yara’adua University, Katsina using the AAS. The result indicated the average concentration of Mg2+ from the water samples is within the NSDWQ (2015) and WHO (2017) maximum permissible limit for drinking water except for Durbawa II (28.8 Mg/l) and Maruda II 27.2 Mg/l. Na+ , K+ , NO3 - , SO4 2- Cl- , HCO3 - and P are below the recommended WHO limit. Further, Ni2+, Cd2+and Fe2+concentration of some parts of the study areas were below the limits recommended by NSDWQ (2015) and World Health Organization WHO (2017) for human consumption. The Cr3+was only found to be below the human consumption levels in samples from Durbawa II, but slightly higher in other samples while Pb2+ concentrations in all parts of the study areas were within the standard except in samples from Toronka Dakare where it slightly exceeded the standard. The Schoeller and Piper diagrams showed the dominant water type in the study area to be Ca-Mg-HCO3 and precipitation domain due to the dissolution of carbonate rocks. Thus, the water in the study areas is slightly contaminated and required proper treatment if it is going to be used for agricultural and domestic purposes.

This study evaluated the effects of stem bark extract from Pausinystalia yohimb e on sexual behavior in rats. The stem bark was obtained from traditional healers in Kasuwar Magani, Amaru, Zaria City, Kaduna, Nigeria. Seventy(70) rats were divided into ten groups (seven rats per group, four males and three females) and administered the P. yohimbe ethanolic extract for 7 days. Phytochemical analysis of the ethanolic extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, and saponins. Sexual behavior parameters including Mount Frequency (MF), Mount Latency (ML), Intromission Frequency (IF), Intromission Latency (IL), Ejaculation Frequency (EF), and Ejaculation Latency (EL) were assessed. The ethanolic extract of P. yohimbe, particularly at doses of 75 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg, showed the highest aphrodisiac activity on the sexual behavioral parameters by significantly (<0.001) enhancing mount and intromission frequencies. It is recommended that P. yohimbe ethanolic extract should be further explored to isolate the bioactive compound that enhances the sexual behaviour parameters in wistar rats.

Geochemical parameters studies on groundwater quality of Wamakko Town were undertaken. The objectives of the study wereto determine the concentration of the anion and cation in the water samples, to determine the effect of interactions between the groundwater and the aquifer or surface contamination, and to compare the concentration level with WHO standard. The geochemical study was carried out on 10 water samples from different locations. The geochemical analyses involved the application of Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS), Flame spectrophotometer and titration in chemical units. The cations concentration values for Ca2+ ranges from 12.50 to 18.60 with an average (16.18 mg/l), Mg2+ concentration varies from 3.20 to 5.50 mg/l with an average of 3.636 mg/l, Fe2+ content vary from 0.020 to 0.042 mg/l with an average values of0.0295 mg/l, Cu2+ contents vary from 0.20 to 0.53 mg/l with an average of 0.375 mg/l, Zn2+ contration values vary from 0.020 to 0.060 with an average (0.0421 mg/l) and Mn2+ from 0.035 to 0.048 mg/l with an average values of0.0415 mg/l;all within the safety limits of WHO standard. The anions also show similar trend with those of cations, but characterized by anomalous values in PO4, and NH4, with average concentration values of 0.88 and 3.7 mg/l compared with WHO standard limit of 0.50 and 0.30 mg/l respectively. The high concentration values in the anions were as a result of anthropogenic means like decompositin of fertilizer for planting and possibly the marine environment of deposition in th case of PO4 ion. The anomaly recorded in the PO4 and NH4, made the groundwater unsuitable for consumption to the residents of Wamakko Town. It is suggested that the water should be treated to reduce the anomalous concentration levels of PO4 and NH4 to tolerable level in order to avoid health hazard in the community.

Bilirubin assessment have been shown by studies to be a useful biomarker in determining the cause of health conditions like jaundice, anaemia, and liver disease. Bilirubin is the final product of hemoglobin catabolism in the systemic circulation. This study examined and compare the serum direct, indirect and total bilirubin levels between male and female diabetic and non-diabetic patients in Sokoto State, Nigeria. A set of 40 diabetics and 20 non-diabetic patients (control), who attended Usman Danfodio University Teaching Hospital between January 2022 to January 2023 were used. The current study examined the subjects based on their age range of 20-30, 30-40 and 40-50 years age groups with a 4 and 15 patients who fell on 20-30 years age group for Non diabetic and Diabetic patients respectively, 7 and 12 patients fell on the 30-40 years age group for non diabetic and diabetic patients respectively and also, 9 and 13 number of patients fell on the 40-50 years age group for non-diabetic and diabetic patients respectively. The results revealed diabetic patients to have higher fasting blood glucose levels (6.7±0.4mmol/l) than the control (5.2±0.6mmol/l). Male diabetic patients had higher levels of direct bilirubin (0.37±0.02mg/dl) and indirect bilirubin (0.31±0.03mg/dl) compared to control with no significant difference (p>0.05) for direct bilirubin level and significantly higher level of indirect bilirubin. They also had significantly higher (p<0.05) levels of total bilirubin (1.53±0.12) compared to the control (0.86±0.08). Likewise, in female diabetic patients, direct bilirubin levels (0.36±0.02mg/dl) were higher than those of the control (0.31±0.03mg/dl) but the difference is not significant (p>0.05). Female diabetic patient’s indirect bilirubin levels (0.92±0.11mg/dl) were significantly higher than the control (0.49±0.06mg/dl). Moreover, female diabetic patient’s total bilirubin levels (1.28±0.11mg/dl) were significantly higher (p<0.05) than the control (0.80±0.08mg/dl). This study observed a higher level of bilirubin in diabetic patients. Having high level of bilirubin in adult indicate several health conditions which involve gallstones, liver dysfunction, hepatitis, bile duct obstruction, intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, and hemolytic anaemia. Therefore, bilirubin levels can be used as a biomarker of jaundice and liver diseases in the study area.

Diabetes is a life threatening health issue that is becoming more prevalent and poses a great health problem and a colossal responsibility on global economy. Effective phytomedicine can serve as a good source for the management of diabetes and provide an effective economic growth. This study was carried out to evaluate the antidiabetic potential of aqueous leaves extract of Azadirachta indica on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic Wistar rats. Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal administration of 60 mg/kg of STZ. Thirty male rats were randomly distributed into 6 groups of 5 rats each. Normal and diabetic control groups received distilled water; diabetic rats were orally treated using gavage 100, 300 and 400 mg/kg of aqueous extract of A. indica and 5 mg/kg glibenclamide for 4 weeks. Fasting blood glucose was monitored weekly. Administration of 60 mg/kg of STZ resulted to significant (p<0.05) increase in fasting blood glucose, TC, TG, LDL, urea and creatinine levels. SOD, CAT, GSH and HDL cholesterol levels were significantly reduced. Treatment with A. indica extract reversed the effect of STZ on above parameters. These findings indicated that aqueous leaves extract of A. indica is effective in the management of diabetes and could be considered as potential antidiabetic therapy.

Vesicovaginal Fistula (VVF) is a medical condition characterized by continuous leakage of urine from the bladder into the vagina, resulting in persistent urinary incontinence. This study aimed at understanding the causes and preventive measures related to VVF. The study employed log-linear models to analyze various factors influencing the occurrence of VVF, spanning from primordial prevention initiatives to the tertiary prevention and rehabilitation of affected individuals. The statistical examination revealed a demographic pattern, with young women, particularly in the 15-25 age group, bearing the brunt of VVF, signifying the urgency of targeted interventions for this vulnerable population. Additionally, a stark contrast emerged between urban and rural landscapes, as a staggering 75.9% of reported cases hailed from villages, underscoring the need for healthcare strategies tailored to the unique dynamics of different communities. It was discovered that prolonged obstructed labor remained the primary catalyst for VVF, with the research unveiling a broader spectrum of contributors. Trauma and infections emerged as significant players, together constituting 65.2% of reported cases. Cultural practices, notably harmful traditions contributing to 18.8% of cases, highlighted the interplay between healthcare and societal norms. The loglinear model further dissected these complex relationships, providing a roadmap for targeted prevention measures that intertwined with the specific causes of VVF, offering a nuanced approach to public health interventions. Delving deeper into the complex web of VVF, the K-Way and higher-order effects analysis revealed the interconnections between primary prevention measures and the various causes of VVF. The statistical significance of these associations underscored the need for general and nuanced healthcare strategies. As 75.9% of cases were reported in villages, the importance of geographic and cultural considerations could not be overstated. This study contributes to advancing our understanding of VVF etiology and prevention strategies, offering a comprehensive framework for addressing this pressing public health issue in Kebbi State. By addressing the root causes and implementing targeted preventive measures, it is hoped that the burden of VVF can be mitigated, improving the overall health and well being of women in the region.

Anthocleista djalonensis (Cabbage tree), a plant native to West Africa, is used in various ethnomedicinal practices. It is used locally in the treatment of male sexual related infertility. This study was therefore designed to evaluate the potentials of ethanol extract of the root of Anthocleista djalonensis in improving sexual parameters of sexual related paroxetine-induced infertility in male wistar rats. Twenty-five male rats with average weight of 150 g were assigned to five groups, each with five rats. Group A (control) was given distilled water, while groups B to E were administered 2 mg/kg/bw paroxetine for seven days. Thereafter groups B and C were treated with 100 and 200 mg/kg/bw of the extract orally respectively, group D was administered standard drug tadalafil (10 mg/kg/bw) orally and group E remained untreated. The treatment regime lasted for 21 days after which the animals were then sacrificed. Samples were collected to evaluate the sperm indices which include viability, motility, morphology and histology of the testis, epididymis and vas deference. The results revealed a significant (p<0.05) enhancement in sperm count, motility and morphology in the rats administered the extracts and these parameters were hitherto degraded by paroxetine. The effectiveness of groups administered 200 mg/kg/bw extract was comparable to Tadalafil. The histological analysis revealed that the extracts were able to significantly restore the damages inflicted by paroxetine on the epididymis and testis. The results of this study justified the use of A. djalonensis to combat male fertility as use by tradomedical practitioners.

Mosquitos’ resistance to pyrethroids insecticides pose a serious threat to the control of malaria and other diseases it transmits. To genotype the resistance mutation and determine the pyrethroids resistance profile in Anopheles gambiae population, adult mosquito bioassay and genotyping of kdr mutation (L995F) were carried out on sampled mosquitoes from two localities (Igala quarters and Tudun wada) in Gusau, Zamfara State, Nigeria. Four replicates of 20 adult A. Gambiae were exposed to 0.75% Permethrin and 0.05% Deltamethrin using the World Health Organisation (WHO) adult bioassay method. Resistant and Susceptible samples were then genotyped for the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) gene mutation using allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (AS-PCR).The range of percentage mortalities in all the treatments were from 78.75 – 85% which clearly indicated resistance was confirmed. Genotyping of the L995F mutation revealed high allelic frequency of 87.5% and 70% in resistant phenotype from Igala quarters and Tudun wada respectively. Between the resistant and susceptible phenotypes from each location, there was no discernible correlation in the 995F allele frequency (Fisher's exact test, p = 1.00). According to the study's findings, the resistant phenotype of A. gambiae exhibited pyrethroids resistance with a high allelic frequency. Continuous profiling of resistance status and genotyping of associated mutation will help in knowing the extent of the mutation developed to avoid the development of super resistant mutation and its transgression.

The geological structures of Obokun Local Government Area, Osun State, Nigeria, were delineated using aeromagnetic data. These structures control the topography, size, spacing, orientation, and shape of the hills, ridges, valleys, and drainage system of the area. The research area is located within the Ilesha Schist Belt, in the southwestern part of Nigeria's Basement Complex, with low-to-medium-grade metasediments, closely related to subordinate mafic bodies and frequently surrounded by migmatite-gneiss suite rocks. The investigation involved the abstraction of the aeromagnetic data of the study area from a larger dataset. The dataset was improved by applying aeromagnetic method filtering techniques such as reduction to the equator (RTE) and analytical signal (AS) on Oasis Montaj version 6.4.2 software. The study groups the magnetic anomaly signatures into three categories: low (11.2–65.2 nT), intermediate (69.2–113.1 nT), and high (125.1–197.9 nT) magnetic intensities, all of which are associated with features of contracting basement rocks. The lineaments inferred are of shallow depth, trending from the northeastern to southwestern parts of the study area. The analytical depth map revealed that the depth of a shallow causative body is between 73 and 147.2 m, and that of a high causative body is between 396 and 1051.8 m. The THDR assisted in delineating most of the geologic structures in the area and in detecting that the rocks are striking northeast-southwest, generally in accordance with the major structural trend of the Basement Complex of Nigeria.

Antibiotics produced by soil microorganisms, are crucial for treating bacterial and fungal diseases. Due to antibiotic resistance, a broad spectrum of antibiotics from fungi is needed. Soil samples from Zamfara state were used for detecting and analyzing fungal extracts. The soil's physico-chemical study involved parameters like temperature, pH, moisture content, electrical conductivity, texture, and color. Isolates were isolated using pour plate methods, identified using lecto-phenolcotton blue staining, and characterized using 18S rRNA. Antimicrobial compounds were extracted using solvent extraction and thin layer chromatography. The data was analyzed using mean, standard error of mean, and One-WayANOVA. The samples had varying colors and textures, with sample C having the highest mean pH of 7.42. The highest temperature was 26OC for samples B, H, and J, while the highest electrical value was 105 for sample D. Six fungi were isolated from the soil samples and these include; Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Tricoderma viride, Rhizoctonia solani, Cladosporium herbarum, and Epicoccum nigrum. The fungi isolated were tested against some test pathogens viz: Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus to determine their sensitivity and resistance pattern using agar well diffusion method. All the organisms inhibited at least one pathogen, Epicoccum nigrum was found to have the highest activity against C. albicans and Staphylococcus aureus with inhibition zones of 12mm and 10mm, followed by Rhizoctonia solani with inhibition zones of 12mm and 8mm respectively. While Aspergillus fumigatus had zones of inhibition of 10mm against both C. albicans and S. aureus respectively. Cladosporium herbarum had the least zone of inhibition (8mm) against the test organisms. Consequently, the GC-MS analysis displayed bioactive compounds, namely, Phytol, Diethyl phthalate, Pentaflouropropionate, 2-octanol, Methanamine and Propylamine. The study reveals the potentials of fungi isolated from the soil environment of Zamfara state to produce antifungal compounds, highlighting the need for further exploration and the use of fractionation and NMR techniques for their isolation and purification.

Schistosomiasis is a significant neglected tropical disease affecting human health and endemic to tropical countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, including Nigeria. The study aimed to assess the prevalence and risk factors of Schistosoma haematobium infection in Federal University Birnin Kebbi (FUBK). In this study, 100 urine samples were collected from the university students, which were processed in the laboratory. The samples were centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 5mins and the sediments were examined under a light microscope to detect the presence of Schistosoma haematobium eggs. The socioeconomic and demographic information of the participants was obtained through simple random sampling and structured questionnaires. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 26, employing a significance level of p<0.05 and a Chi-square test to determine the significant difference between the prevalence and risk factors. Out of the 100 samples analyzed, 52 (52%) belonged to male students, while 48 (48%) belonged to female students. Remarkably, only one male student (1.9%) was found to be infected with Schistosoma haematobium, resulting in an overall prevalence of 1% within the study population. However, the data analysis indicated no significant association (p<0.05) between gender and the prevalence of S. haematobium in FUBK. The results of this study show that a mere 0.46% of the students had knowledge about Schistosomiasis, while a significant majority of 54% was unaware of schistosomiasis. Furthermore, the study reveals that 19% of the students do not properly wash their hands with soap and water before meals and after using the toilet. Regarding to potential risk factors, 91% of the students are not in contact with open water bodies, and 74% do not consume water from open sources, while 26% are found to be drinking open water sources. In conclusion, the prevalence (1%) of Schistosoma haematobium infection within FUBK was very low, which was statistically insignificant. Based on these finding, there are no evidences on the prevalence and burdens of S. haematobium. Nevertheless, the study underscores the importance of continuous surveillance, to prevention the occurrence this infection within the university community. It highlights the need for ongoing efforts in education, awareness, and the promotion of proper hygiene practices to effectively prevent the occurrence of schistosomiasis.

Crude oil contains significant quantity of volatile organic compounds in form of monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and aliphatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, xylene and hexane (BTXH). Toxicological studies of their exposure to diabetic organisms has only been reported in few studies. This study was conducted to ascertain whether or not crude oil exposure affects kidney functions in diabetic rats exposed to metformin and to what extent. Diabetes was induced by intra-peritoneal injection of 65mg/kg streptozocin (STZ) dissolved in citrate buffer which was confirmed 48 h after the injection of STZ. Rats were subjected to oral treatment for four (4) weeks with 250mg/kg b.w. metformin and 200mg/kg b.w. aqueous extract of Allium sativum in the presence of challenging agent (crude oil).Treatment with the extract plus standard drug had maintained the electrolyte contents and lowered urea levels compared to diabetic control and diabetic rats exposed to crude oil. Creatinine level of rats treated with the extract plus standard was closely similar to that of normal control rats. Histological examination revealed normal features of kidney in control group, whereas diabetic animals treated with the aqueous extract plus standard drug exposed to crude oil had slight tubular necrosis. There was necrosis and tubular adhesion in diabetic rats exposed to crude oil, treated with standard drug only, with normal features of glomerulus in diabetic positive control rats. Therefore, crude oil exposure causes kidney dysfunction in diabetic rats treated with metformin which can be reduced with the intake of garlic.

Urban areas in developing countries are significantly experiencing an unprecedented increase in built-up areas often in an uncoordinated manner. Over the last two decades, the rapid urban growth of Gusau city has attracted significant attention from the governments, policy makers and researchers. This work was aimed at analyzing the influence of urban growth in Gusau city on the Land Use Land Cover (LULC) changes and proposes solutions to address urbanization challenges. The geospatial methods used were remote sensing and geographic information systems. Whereas, the survey techniques comprises of indepth interview and direct observation across the five political Wards in Gusau city, as well as relevant ministries in the State. Furthermore, the analysis further shows that urban expansion in the city was triggered mainly by political, socio-economic, and demographic factors. The results revealed that, builtup areas increased from a minimum of 6.13 km2 in 1999 to 12.37 km2 in 2006, with net 6.24 km2 (between 1999 and 2006). Similarly, the built-up areas were also found to have continuously increased to 18.31 km2 in the 2012 and 19.82 km2 in 2018. It is concluded that, the city has significantly grown both horizontally and vertically in about 20 years from the date of state creation in the 1996. And that it is recommended that the adoption of geospatial techniques in monitoring of urban growth for better decision making should be considered and that, sound and effcient urban policies guided by socioeconomic planning and sustainability are the panacea to the current urbanization problems.

Malaria is endemic in Nigeria with many states recording high cases all year round. Despite its public health significance, many states including Zamfara lacked adequate information on insecticide resistance status of malaria vector to guide evidence-based vector control program. To determine the larval pyrethroids resistance and adult knockdown profile of Anopheles gambiae population in Gusau, Zamfara state, Nigeria. Larval and adult bioassays using method of World Health Organisation (WHO) were carried out on sampled mosquitoes from two localities (Igala quarters and Tudun wada). Larval bioassay using Permethrin revealed moderate resistance (LC50 = 0.127mg/L and RR = 5.292) in population of Igala quarters while high decrease in susceptibility to Permethrin in population of Tudun wada (LC50 = 0.101mg/L and RR = 4.208) was observed. The adult susceptibility assay recorded poor knockdown in both Igala quarters and Tudun wada populations with highest percentage knockdown of 22.5% and 25% respectively. Highest KDT50 of 121.613 recorded was associated with Permethrin treatment of Igala quarters. The findings of the study indicated larval pyrethroid resistance with moderate resistance ratio (RR) and adult knockdown profile with high KDT50 value.

Residential and occupational crude oil exposure has been linked to hematotoxicity but its effects on hepatotoxicity, especially in diabetic state is an emerging area. This research investigated the effect of 5% crude oil exposure on hepatic function of diabetic Wistar rats treated with metformin with a view to determine if and how exposure to crude oil impacted diabetes management. The diabetes was induced by intra-peritoneal injection of 65mg/kg streptozocin (STZ) dissolved in citrate buffer which was confirmed 48 h after the injection. Rats were grouped into six (6) groups of five (5) rats each; group 1 was the normal control, group two was diabetic positive control group, group three was diabetic group treated with 250 mg/kg b.w. metformin, group four was diabetic untreated group exposed to 5% crude oil, group five was diabetic group treated with 250mg/kg b.w. metformin exposed to 5% crude oil, group six was diabetic rats treated with 200mg/kg b.w. of Allium sativum (garlic) extract plus 250 mg/kg b.w. metformin, exposed to 5% crude oil. The Rats were subjected to treatment for four weeks. Diabetic control animals had high activity of ALT, rise in AST activity was found in diabetic rats treated with standard, diabetic positive control and diabetic animals exposed to crude oil. Rats that received both the extract of Allium sativum plus standard drug (metformin) had normal level of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) as was in normal control animals. There was no significant difference (p<0.05) in activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in all groups compared with normal control except standard drug treated group. Diabetic control rats and diabetic rats exposed to crude oil without treatment had high plasma protein content compared with other groups. The histological examination showed that normal control animals and animals treated with the aqueous extract of Allium sativum plus standard drug had normal features of hepatocytes; moderate hepatic necrosis in rats treated with standard drug but exposed to 5% crude oil; and normal hepatic features in diabetic animals treated with standard drug as well as diabetic positive control animals. Therefore, crude oil exposures affect liver function of diabetic animals under treatment with metformin by inducing inflammation and necrosis of hepatic tissue. Intake of Allium sativum would help protect and improve hepatic function of diabetic people living in environment with crude oil spillage/exposure.

Over the decades, medicinal plant research has established the vast nutritive and therapeutic effects of phytochemicals used in the treatment of different diseases. This study is aimed at evaluating the proximate analysis, vitamin constituents, phytochemical screening and antioxidant potentials aqueous and ethanol root extracts of Chrysophyllum albidum. All assays were carried out using standard protocols. The results from the proximate analysis and vitamin content showed that the root contained high amount of carbohydrate (24.06±2.14 mg/g) and fibre (30.90±2.62mg/g) while the vitamin analysis showed that vitamin C (0.018mg/g) and vitamin E (0.09mg/g) are present. The results of the phytochemical screening of both extracts revealed the presence of saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, terpenoids, xanthoprotein, carbohydrate and tannins. Quinone, cardiac glycoside and oxalate were detected in the aqueous extract only. Steroid was below detectable level in both extracts. Ethanol extract showed significantly higher (P˂0.05) reducing power (1.369±0.09 nm)and total antioxidant capacity (165±5mg AAE/g Extract) when compared to aqueous extract at 0.855±0.03nm and 126.7±16 mg AAE/g Extract respectively. There is no significantly difference (p˃0.05) in the ferric reducing antioxidant potential and 1,1–diphenyl–2–picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging potential of both extracts. Our findings suggests that Chrysophyllum albidum root is a valuable source of bioactive compounds, with the high benefit that may be effective in the management of oxidative stress related diseases.

A geoelectric survey involving Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) was carried out within the premises of the Institute of Technology, Kwara State Polytechnic Ilorin, north central Nigeria with the aim of determining the viable aquiferous zones in understanding the groundwater regime within the institute. Ten (10) VES were carried out using Schlumberger electrode array with half current spacing of 70m. The VES data generated was processed and interpreted using the partial curve matching method and computer iteration techniques. The interpreted field data revealed 5-6layered units which include the topsoil, laterite, clayey sand, weathered basement, basement and fresh bedrock with resistivity and thickness ranging from 72.4-753 Ωm with a thickness of 0.5- 2.05 m, 74.9-911 Ωm with thickness of 0.983 -3.54 m, 18.9-406 Ωm with thickness of about 3.07-19.6 m , 21.7-379 Ωm; thickness of 5.3-44.5 m, 92.9-7521 Ωm; thickness of about 11.4 -87.4m and 70.5 to 70798 Ωm with an indefinite thickness. The HA curve type is characterised by five layers while KH and KHA curves delineate six lithologic units. On the other hand, four lithologic units were observed on the QHA and KHA-type curves. Of all the lithologic units identified in the study area, only the weathered basement is adjudged to be the aquiferous layers which are of hydrogeologic significance. It is expected that areas with thickness (>25 m) weathered layers could be considered satisfactory for groundwater development. However, the basement usually possesses good groundwater potential due to enhanced porosity especially when its thickness is greater than 10 m.

The main habitats and carriers of Salmonella species are mostly humans, plants and other animals. They are often spread by birds, reptiles, insects, through food stuff, soil and fecal matter. Because of their mobility, birds such as pigeons could be a major transporter of Salmonella species. This study is aimed at investigating the prevalence of Salmonella species in pigeons found in selected locations in Kware Local Government area of Sokoto state. Twenty-five samples from five different locations (5 droppings per location) were obtained and used to investigate the prevalence of salmonella in the area through isolation and identification. This was carried out using macroscopic and microscopic evaluation. The results showed the presence of opaque, translucent, colorless, smooth round, colonies. The biochemical characterization of the bacterial isolates showed that sixteen samples (64%) from the total isolates tested positive for the following tests; indole, citrate utilization, hydrogen sulfite production, sugar production, urease and motility. Four out of the five isolates from the first location showed the presence of salmonella (i.e.16% of the total); four tested positive from the second location (16%); three from the third location (12%); three from the fourth location (12%) and two from the fifth location (8%). The findings provide evidence that some pigeon birds in the area are colonized by pathogenic Salmonella that could be harboring multidrug resistant genes. There is need to develop strategies to urgently curtail the spread of these harmful pathogens.

Fish growth dynamics are influenced by various factors such as species, environmental conditions, and available food resources. This study investigates the length-weight relationship, growth rate, and condition factors of fish species in Eyin-Osun River, Ogun State, Nigeria. Fishes were collected with the assistance of fisher folks and were immediately taking to laboratory in ice-chest cooler. Some morphomeristic measurements were taken to determine their growth dynamics. Four fish species (Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus, Chrysichthys filamentous, Pelmatolpia mariae, and Sarotherodon melanotheron) were observed during the study. All the four species exhibit negative allometric growth with no significant length-weight relationship (0.11, 0.91, 0.56 and 0.95 in C. filamentous, C. nigrodigitatus, P. Mariae and S. melanotheron respectively) in each of the four fish species (b = 0.81 > 0.5 > 0.09 > 0.08 in C. filamentous, C. nigrodigitatus, P. Mariae and S. melanotheron respectively). Condition factor was higher in S. melanotheron > P. Mariae > C. filamentous > C. nigrodigitatus (2.46±0.06a , 2.13±0.18a , 1.09±0.06b , and 1.00±0.06b respectively).

The current research assessed the species composition, relative abundance, monthly fluctuation and biodiversity index of Phytoplankton in Mala River water in Argungu Town, Kebbi State, Nigeria. Collection of samples commenced from January to August, 2018. Three sampling sites were chosen from the river (Upper-stream, Mid-stream and Down-stream). Phytoplankton samples were collected from the sites and analyzed in the laboratory using standard protocol. Phytoplankton abundance and species diversity were determined by using Margalef, Evenness and Shannon index. This study identified 4 families of phytoplankton which include Bacillariophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Cyanophyceae and Euglenophyceae. Bacillariophyceae is the most dominant with the highest species composition of 3083 with relative abundance of 42%. It showed the total number of 22 different phytoplankton species. Highest composition was obtained in Navicula digitoradiata with 1744. While least composition was obtained on Nitzchia acicularis, Turballaria fenestrate, Scenedesmus brasiliensis, Nitella brittlewort, Aphanocaps ricularis, and Glococapsa punctata with 13 composition each. It further revealed that, relative abundance of phytoplankton in Mala River depend on monthly fluctuation and sampling stations. Furthermore, results indicated that, highest relative abundance of phytoplankton was obtained at the midstream of the river in March (71.43%), February (66.67%), and August (66.67%). While least relative abundance of phytoplankton was obtained at down-stream in February, March, June and August with no phytoplankton during those periods. Great biodiversity of phytoplankton in the study site and the species are evenly distributed. Further studies on physicochemical parameters and toxicological analysis of the Mala River are hereby recommended. The State Ministries of Water Resources and Environment should set up appropriate monitoring and controlling units to regulate sewage discharge into the river.

This study was carried out to establish the prevalence of E. coli and other uropathogen and their drug susceptibility patterns among patients attending Martha Bamaye General Hospital, Zuru, Kebbi State, Nigeria. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on outpatients and inpatients presenting with symptoms of UTI. A purposeful sampling was used to obtain 385 respondents, and questionnaires were used to obtain demographic information from them. Mid-stream urine samples were obtained from the respondents using sterile bottles and bacterial isolates identification was done using biochemical tests. Risk factors associated with E. coli infection were collected using a questionnaire and analyzed at ɑ=0.05. of the 385 urine samples, 112 (29 %) patients were confirmed positive for UTI. The prevalence of UTI was higher among females (62.1%), compared to males (37.9 %). E. coli is the most bacteria isolated among the uropathogens. Antimicrobial profiles of E. coli strains showed the following susceptibility patterns: nitrofuratoin (100 %), cefotaxime (86.3 %), ciprofloxacin (83.3 %), gentamicin (81.7 %), ampicillin (45.3 %), nalidixic acid (48.5 %), and cotrimoxazole (44.1 %). Furthermore, 85% of the isolates were observed to be multidrug resistant. The results showed that E. coli is the most causative agent of UTI and are sensitive to nitrofuratoin. Hence there is a need for constant monitoring of antibiotic resistance for better management of patients with UTI.

The world population is expanding substantially, necessitating increasing food production, among which is rice. However, rice production in Nigeria is being endangered by infections from numerous pathogens such as Rice yellow mottle virus. This study aims to detect rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) using PCR based method in various rice farms of the Kebbi North senatorial district. Symptoms severity scores ranged from 2.5 ± 1.3 to 1.5 ± 0.5 as observed in the field. Standard downstream molecular procedures were applied from total nucleic acids extraction to electrophoresis for final bands of rice yellow mottle virus detection. The PCR detection of rice yellow mottle virus in question was not detected in all samples even a single band apart of the ladder despite investing in upstream approaches. This might be as a result of several factors and thus, there is need to further determine what led to the negatives in all the PCR samples.

This study explores the anthelmintic potentials of Boswellia dalzielli essential oils (BDOs), specifically targeting Haemonchus contortus isolated from sheep sold in Gusau Market Zamfara State, Nigeria. In vitro, anthelmintic activities (egg hatch test – EHT; larval development test – LDT) of Boswellia dalzielli essential oils, were conducted. Eggs and larvae of H. contortous were exposed to B. dalzielli oil at doses of 25 mg /ml, 50 mg /ml, and 100mg/ml for 24 hours. The reference drug used for both EHT and LDT was ivermectin (100 mg/ml). In EHT, 100% mortality of H. contortus (eggs) was observed after 4 hours of treatment with BDOs (50 mg/ml) at LC50 (25mg/ml). While in LDT, 100% mortality of H. contortus (larvae) was observed after 24hours of treatment with BDOs (100 mg ml/l) at LC50 (21mg/ml). The results indicate significant differences in EDT and LDT of BDOs on Haemonchus contortus eggs and larvae (P <0.05). The findings of this work indicate that BDOs have anthelminthic potency on Haemonchus contortus eggs and larvae in sheep sold in Gusau, and could contribute valuable insights into developing sustainable and natural methods for controlling parasitic infections in livestock, offering potential benefits for both animal health and the agricultural community, particularly in Zamfara State.

The current study was aimed at determining the physicochemical parameters affecting the availability of phytoplankton in Dukku River water, Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria. A total of twenty-four (24) water samples were collected from three sampling points (upper, mid, and downstream) weekly. The standard method of APHA (2010) was used for the analysis of physiochemical properties. Parameters measured include temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), and phytoplankton availability. The results indicate that the highest temperature at both sites was recorded in April with a value of 33.0oC, and the lowest temperature was 23.7oC in January for the upper stream. The pH was neutral to slightly acidic throughout the sampling points, and it was within the range for inland waters (pH 6.5–8.5) as well as for culturing tropical fish species and domestic purposes. Twenty-four (24) species of phytoplankton were observed in this study, belonging to four classes: Bacillariophyta, Chlorophyta, Cyanophyta, and Euglinophyta. Synedra japanicum of the class Bacillariophyta was found to be the most diverse species (48.1%) at the upper site, followed by Nostoc commnitum of the class Cyanophyta with (28.3%) downstream and Dinobryon bavaricum of the class Chlorophyta with (22.5%) midstream. The State Ministries of Water Resources and Environment should set up appropriate monitoring and controlling units to regulate sewage discharged into the river and conduct further research on water quality as it affects phytoplankton, zooplankton, and fish availability and distribution.

The study was carried out to explore the nutritional value of Hatchery Waste Meal (HWM) and to find a more economical and sustainable means of its utilization in the poultry industry. The research was set to determine the proximate composition and the replacement value of HWM as a protein source at 5% and 10% levels of inclusion using 120 Marshall broiler strains in a completely randomized design that lasted for 4 weeks. Performance parameters measured were; Initial Live Weight (ILW), Final Live Weight (FLW), Daily Feed intake (DFI), Total Weight Gain (TWG) and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR). Feed and water were offered ad libitum while mortality was recorded as it occurred. The data collected was analysed using a one-way analysis of variance procedure of IBM SPSS. Results of the proximate composition showed that HWM contained crude protein (23.12%), ash (66.05%), phosphorous (0.43%), crude fibre (2.59%), moisture (0.18%), calcium (7.69%), hence a good source of protein, calcium and phosphorus for poultry. Performance results showed that FLW, TWG and FCR were significantly different (p<0.05) among the treatments. Broilers fed diet 2 (5% HWM) and 4 (commercial diet) had superior FLW (2296.67gand 2371.67g); TWG (1440.22g and1538.34g); and FCR (2.01 and 1.83), respectively However, no significant difference (p>0.05) was observed in ILW at the onset of the experiment and DFI at the end of the experiment. It could be concluded that the inclusion of 5% HWM in the diet of finisher broiler chicken promotes optimum performance.

Balanites aegyptiaca (Desert date) has long been utilized in North-western Nigeria, particularly in Kebbi State, for the treatment of ailments, including jaundice, malaria, and heart-related conditions. However, there is currently no scientific documentation regarding its phytochemicals and in vitro antioxidant activities. The objective of this study was to identify the phytochemicals and assess the in vitro antioxidant activity of crude methanol extracts and several fractions (ethyl acetate, n-butanol, n-hexane, and chloroform) derived from B. aegyptiaca. Crude extraction, fractionation, as well as qualitative, quantitative, and in vitro tests were conducted using established protocols. The qualitative analysis of the crude methanol extract detected saponins, terpenoids, alkaloids, phenols, tannins, steroids, and flavonoids. However, cardiac glycoside and anthraquinone were not found. Some of the examined phytochemicals were present in one or the other fraction and those missing in one fraction were present in the other fraction thus validated the rationale for utilizing various solvents. The alkaloids contents of the methanol extracts (1.58 ± 0.02 mg/g) and n-hexane fraction (1.72 ± 0.04 mg/g) were significantly higher than that of the other fractions. Total tannins content in the n-butanol fraction (0.66 ± 0.03 mg/ml) was higher than all the fractions. More so, the n-hexane fraction had the highest content of flavonoids (1.12 ± 0.05 mg/g) and phenols (2.1 ± 0.05 mg/ml). The extracts and all fractions demonstrated a dose related increase in 1,1- diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity as well as the Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Capacity (FRAC). This suggests that bioactive substances from B. aegyptiaca have significant potentials in controlling oxidative stress related disorders. In vivo antioxidant activity of the plant and its toxicity need to be explored.

The study was conducted to determine the concentrations of some heavy metals in soil, Amaranthus hybridus (spinach) and Lactuca sativa (lettuce) grown in Nagwamatse Farm, Gusau, Zamfara State, Nigeria. Soil, spinach, and lettuce were collected randomly in replicates from the farm. The samples were numbered accordingly and were placed in a clean polythene bag. The samples were digested and analyzed for nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), and manganese (Mn) using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (A.A.S.). Mean concentrations of Ni, Cr, Co, and Mn were obtained using one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) at a 5% level of significance. T–test was used to compare the mean concentrations of the heavy metals in the two different vegetables in November, December and January. The high concentrations of Mn (2.71 – 3.78mg/kg), Co (1.80 – 1.90 mg/kg), Ni (1.67 –1.74mg/kg and Cr (0.91 – 1.39mg/kg) were found in A. hybridus while the low concentrations of Mn (2.89 – 3.45mg/kg), Co (1.76 – 1.84mg/kg), Ni (1.56 – 1.65mg/kg and Cr (0.43 – 1.24mg/kg) were found in L. sativa, which are found to be above the permissible limits of FAO/WHO (2011). In the soil, Mn had the highest concentration of 20.25mg/kg, Co (14.25mg/kg), Ni (10.05mg/kg), and Cr (7.23mg/kg) in January than in other months. Based on these findings, A. hybridus and L. sativa from the farm may pose risk health risks related to heavy metal toxicities when consumed. Phytoremediation of the soil should be done to reduce heavy metal concentrations in the soil that transfer into the vegetables grown in the soil.

One of the most popular vegetables consumed worldwide is the eggplant. However, it contains a secondary metabolite, glycoalkaloids (GAs), which can potentially impact human health, especially if their concentrations exceed the standard for food safety. This study determined the production ratio of solasonine (a glycoalkaloids) content and its expression patterns by solasodine galactosyltransferase (SGT1) gene in ten samples of matured eggplant (Solanum melongena and Solanum gilo) in Nigeria by employing Zymo-RNA extraction kit. Generally, analysis revealed a statistically significant difference among different cultivar types of eggplant fruits (p< 0.0001). However, there is a significant decrease of SGT1 transcriptional expression in fruits of different cultivar types with an increase in maturity levels. The highest mass percentage of solasonine production (3.87) was detected significantly in sample B having a lower Quantification cycle (Cq) of 36.41, while the lowest was in NC (0.65) with Cq of 38.81. Meanwhile, some samples showed no solasonine production indicating no SGT1 expression. These observations imply that some of the samples used in this study, especially those with high solasonine production, are not suitable for human consumption.

Mercury is an environmental toxicant that has been proven to induce organ damage on prolonged exposure. The essence of this study is to determine the hepatoprotective efficacy of Newbouldia laevis leaves against mercury chloride exposure by assessing the changes in the body weight, hepatosomatic index, and liver function markers and on the histopathology of the liver in adult wistar rats. Twenty five male wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups of five rats each. Group 1 served as the control while groups 2-5 were induced with10mg/kg body weight mercury chloride. Groups 2 and 3 were then treated with 200 and 800mg/kg body weight of Newbouldia laevis respectively. Groups 4 and 5 were the untreated rats and positive control rats respectively. After the 28 days of treatment with the extract, blood samples and liver tissue were collected for liver function tests and histhological examination. Significant decreases (p ≤ 0.05) in liver enzymes (Aspartate amino transferase, Alanine aminotransferase, and Alkaline phosphatase) were observed for the extract treated animals when compared to the untreated ones. Non- significant (p ≥0.05) changes were observed for serum total protein, albumin, globulin and bilirubin concentration. In the histological evaluation, although the treatment restored the normal hepatocyte structure of the liver, characteristic periportal infiltrates of inflammatory cells and vascular congestion were evident. The present study has shown that aqueous leaf extract of Newbouldia laevis can be useful for the management of liver damage resulting from mercury chloride exposure.

Anogeissus leiocarpa is used in Northern Nigeria's ethnomedicine. The leaves and stem bark were investigated for their antibacterial efficacy and phytochemical attributes against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. The plant parts underwent systematic processing, involving air drying, pulverization, and extraction through percolation in ethanol and aqueous solvents. Aqueous stem bark extract displayed strong saponins, moderate alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and tannin. Ethanol stem bark extract exhibited moderate saponins and a variety of phytochemicals, excluding triterpenes. Antibacterial screening using the agar well diffusion method revealed the highest zone of inhibition for ethanol stem bark (21mm at 100 mg/ml) against S. aureus and aqueous stem bark (20mm at 100 mg/ml) against S. pneumoniae, surpassing amoxicillin (10mm at 200mg/ml). Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) for S. aureus: aqueous leaves at 50mg/ml, ethanol leaves at 25mg/ml, aqueous stem bark at 12.5mg/ml, and ethanol stem bark at 6.25mg/ml. Minimum Bactericidal Concentrations (MBC) for S. aureus was consistent, recorded at 50mg/ml for aqueous and ethanol leaves, and 25mg/ml for aqueous and ethanol stem bark. For S. pneumoniae, MBC values were observed as 50mg/ml for aqueous and ethanol leaves, 50mg/ml for aqueous stem bark, and 12.5mg/ml for ethanol stem bark. Phytochemical analysis identified common constituents, including saponins, terpenoids, flavonoids, and tannin, across all extracts. A. leiocarpus extracts demonstrated significant bioactive components against the tested pathogens, aligning with its traditional medicinal uses. The presence of phytochemical constituents substantiates the observed antimicrobial efficacy. Consequently, A. leiocarpusisa promising contender for drug development, presenting therapeutic avenues for treating diseases caused by these pathogens.

The high demand for mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruits has led sellers to employ ripening agents. However, concerns are growing regarding the potential toxicities of induced ripening, emphasizing the need for scientific investigation. Samples of artificially and naturally ripened mangoes were analyzed for proximate composition using standard protocols. Cytogenotoxicity was then assessed using the Allium cepa L. toxicity test. Twenty (20)A. cepa (onion) bulbs were used, with 5 ripened naturally, 5 with wood ash, 5 with herbaceous ash, and 5 with rice chips, all grown over tap water for five days. The root tips of the bulbs were assayed and examined for chromosomal aberrations. The results revealed a significant (P<0.05) increase in moisture, protein, and ash content of mangoes as ripening agents were introduced. Mangoes ripened with wood ash exhibited the highest moisture content (81%), while those ripened with rice chips had the highest protein (0.5%) and ash content (1.5%). Naturally ripened mangoes displayed the highest fat (0.0095%) and fiber (11.46%) contents. The A. cepa toxicity test indicated significant (p<0.05) differences in the root growth of mangoes ripened with various agents. Wood ash resulted in the highest root growth (2.62cm), while herbaceous ash had the least (2.18%). Chromosomal aberrations, including sticky, vagrant, and laggard abnormalities, were observed in all agents, with herbaceous ash exhibiting the highest and rice chips the least. The obtained results suggest that induced ripening of the fruits could induce toxicities, highlighting the necessity for public awareness regarding the potential dangers posed by these agents.

The work studied the physico-mechanical properties of hybrid composite sheets made from chemically modified mango seed (Magnifera indica) shell and Balanite desert date (Balanite aegyptiaca) shell as reinforcements in high-density polyethylene (HDPE) as matrix. The particle size was 150 mm (15 µm). The sheets were molded using a Saumya compression molding machine in Mango/Balanite fibre ratio of 100/0; 70/30; 50/50; 30/70 and 0/100 after milling on a Saumya two roll mill machine. The mechanical, hardness and swelling behaviour properties of the sheets were then evaluated. The tests revealed that the sample with 50/50 fibre loading has the highest young modulus and tensile strength at 1770.83 N/mm2 and 12.50 N/mm2, respectively while the sample with fibre ratio 30/70 comes closest to it at 956.25 N/mm2 for young modulus and 9.21 N/mm2 for tensile strength. The hardness test revealed that the sample with 30/70 fibre loading has the highest value at 71 shore D which was also closely followed by the sample at 50/50 fibre loading at 60.8 shore D. Sample with the fibre ratio of 30/70 shows highest elongation and swelling.

The soil in mechanic workshops contains diverse hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria. This research aimed to isolate and characterize these bacteria in Gusau, Zamfara. Samples from Labin-Labin Motor Garage, Yar'dole Garage, Gangeren-Yarima Garage, and Unguwar-Dallatu Garage were collected, this include four samples of top and subsoil, at depths of 5cm and 10cm, respectively. Using the spread plate method, total hydrocarbon counts ranged from 1x105 cfu/g to 5.7x105 cfu/gin topsoil and 1.2x105 cfu/g to 8.2x105 cfu/g in subsoil. The highest counts were in Labin-Labin Motor Garage for the topsoil and Gangeren-Yarima for the subsoil. Bacillus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Streptococcus spp., and Staphylococcus spp. was isolated with Bacillus spp. exhibiting the highest hydrocarbon degradation efficiency through 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCPIP) tests (0.462nm to 1.501nm). Soil samples from mechanic workshops indicated contamination with hydrocarbons, underscoring the importance of bacteria in potential biodegradation. In conclusion, Bacillus spp. is identified as a key hydrocarbon degrader, and the study recommends these isolates for possible use in bioremediation of hydrocarbons in mechanic workshops. This research sheds light on the ecological role of bacteria in contaminated soils, providing insights into environmental management and remediation strategies.

Malaria continues to cause significant morbidity and mortality across Africa, despite the intensification of control interventions. Pregnant women are among the vulnerable individuals infected by the malaria parasites causing adverse effects on both mother and fetus, including maternal anemia, fetal loss, premature delivery and delivery of low birth-weight infants, a risk factor for death. This research was aimed at determining the prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum among pregnant women in Sokoto North, Northwestern Nigeria from February, 2020 to May, 2020. Blood samples of 200 pregnant women who came for antenatal care in the Hospital were collected and questionnaires administered. Thin blood film microscopy and rapid diagnostic test (RDT) kits were used to screen for P. falciparum. Results revealed 9.50% (19/200) and 1.50% (3/200) prevalence of P. falciparum via RDT kit and Microscopy, respectively. Prevalence of P. falciparum significantly associated (p=0.0027) with age of the pregnant women as pregnant women within the age group of 27-31 years recorded the highest prevalence with 25.0% (6/24). Although women who are in their second trimester (12.10%), multigravidae (9.6%), widowed (100%), engaged in business (14.30%), with history of using Fansida, Chloroquine and Artemether (63.20%), used bed net (84.20%) and without formal education (10.50%) were the highest infected, the occurrence of the parasite does not associate (p>0.05) with any of the parameters. This research has revealed high prevalence of P. falciparum malaria among pregnant women in the study area. Pregnant women should be going for early ante-natal care booking and attend clinic regularly. Additionally, malaria control programs should be carried out in the study area.

Farmlands are typically irrigated by groundwater and surface water. Research works on the effects of irrigation water on crop quality abound, but it is desirable to have information on the comparative effects of groundwater and surface water irrigation on the nutritional quality of harvested crops. Hence, in this study, we compared the nutritional and biochemical qualities of vegetable crops harvested from groundwater-irrigated farmland and surface water-irrigated farmland, situated within the same vicinity. Telfairia occidentails, Amaranthus hybridus and Corchorus olitorius were harvested from the two farm types, and evaluated for nutritional and biochemical parameters, using the spectrometric technique. Data were analysed using One-way ANOVA, and the mean differences were considered significant at p< 0.05. Vegetables irrigated with groundwater had higher values of all the assessed parameters, except carbohydrate and total energy. C. olitorius was highest in moisture (27.83 ± 0.08%), while A. hybridus recorded the highest ash (24.15 ± 0.05%), both significant at p < 0.05. T. occidentalis had higher values of protein (21.66 ± 0.05%), crude fibre (12.45 ± 0.06%) and fat (3.40 ± 0.05%). The result of the biochemical analysis showed that A. hybridusgrown on groundwater-irrigated farmlands had higher values of starch, reducing sugar and total sugar, relative to those grown on surface water-irrigated farmland. Since the vegetables grown on groundwater water-irrigated farmland showed improved nutritional qualities, we recommend sustainable groundwater irrigation practices for the production of quality vegetables.

Environmental and occupational exposure to lead poses significant health risks due to its toxic nature, majorly attributed to its ability to incite oxidative stress. An antioxidant-rich nutraceutical was administered to rats post-lead intoxication and during lead intoxication, targeted at increasing the level of antioxidant vitamins (A, C, and E) to complement and curb the lead-induced oxidative stress. Seven groups were formed and treated differently as positive control, negative control, normal control and four test groups. Curative and protective effects of the nutraceutical on the antioxidant vitamin level were evaluated by treating the two test groups with the nutraceutical during lead intoxication for the former and treating two other test groups with the nutraceutical post-lead intoxication for the latter at concentrations of 250mg/kg and 500mg/kg. The concentrations of vitamins A, C, and E were found to show a significant increase (p < 0.05). The effects were more remarkable in the protective experiment than in the curative experiment. Lead concentration also significantly decreased in all the treated groups for both protective and curative experiments. These findings indicate the possible effectiveness of nutraceutical supplements in the management and alleviation of lead toxicity.

The potential health risks of cement dust exposure are increasingly raising concern worldwide as the cement industry expands in response to rising cement demand. This necessitates the need to determine the nature of the risks to develop appropriate measures. This study determined the effects of cement dust exposure on the weight and blood glucose levels of people residing or working around a cement company in Sokoto, Nigeria. Demographic information was obtained using questionnaires from 72 participants, which included age, gender, educational level, exposure hours, occupation, and lifestyle. The blood glucose levels and body mass index (BMI) were measured using a Fine Test glucometer and a mechanical scale, respectively. The results showed that most of the people living or working around the cement company were middle-aged men (31-40; 42.06%) with a primary (33.33%) or secondary (45.83%) school education. It showed that 30 (41.69%) of the participants were overweight while 5 (6.94%) were obese. Additionally, 52.78% of the participants were diabetic while 31.94% were prediabetic. Participants who were exposed for long hours (> 15 hours per day) were the most diabetic (20% of the participants), followed by smokers (15%), and artisans (7%). It can be concluded that exposure to cement dust from the company increased the risk of overweight, obesity, and hyperglycemia among the participants. These health risks were worsened by daily long hours of exposure, smoking, and artisanal pollutant exposure. Human settlements and artisans should not be located near the cement company, and the company should minimize pollutant emissions.

This study was carried out in order to isolate stigmasterol and β-sitosterol. The powdered stem bark of Aubrevillea kerstingii was extracted with n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol using successive maceration. A small portion of the ethyl acetate extract was tested for the presence of steroids/triterpenes using Lieberman-Buchard and Salkowski test. The ethyl acetate extract (5g) was pre-adsorbed on silicagel and loaded into a column pre-packed with 100g silica gel (60-120 Merck). The extract was eluted with n-hexane: ethyl acetate in a gradient elution starting from n-hexane (100%). The evaluates were collected in 30ml fractions. A total of 180 fractions were collected and pooled together on the basis of their thin layer chromatographic profile (TLC). The pooled fractions were labelled E1-E12. The TLC analysis of fraction E4 using n-hexane: ethyl acetate (9:1) revealed a single spot. This was coded AK1 (10mg). The TLC analysis of fraction E7 after using n-hexane: ethyl acetate (7:3) revealed a single spot. This was coded AK2 (20mg). The compounds were identified as stigmasterol and β sitosterol based on the 1H NMR and 13C NMR data compared to literature.

The research was carried out to determine the potential effect of aqueous extracts of five plants; Balanite aegyptiaca (L.), Eugenia aromatica (hook), Piper guineese (Schum and Thonn), Occimum grastisimum (L.) against 3rd instars larvae of Dermestes maculatus by topical application. The extracts were tested by application of 2.0µL solution to the dorsal surface of each 3rd instars larvae using micropipette at concentration of 2.00, 6.00, 10,00 and 20.0% of each plant extract. Thirty (30) 3rd instar larvae were randomly selected and treated at various concentrations of each aqueous plant extract and the same number of 3rd instars were treated with distill water as control. Mortality was recorded at 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 7th day of post-treatment periods. O. gratisimum recorded the highest larval mortality range from 30.00 -76.66%, followed by P. guineense (26.66 - 76.77%), Ziziphus mauratunia (33.33-66.66%), Eugenia aromatica (33.33-56.66%) and B. aegyptiaca (26.66 - 53.33%) with untreated control having lowest larval mortality of 20 00%. All the aqueous plants tested were revealed to caused significant (p<0.005) larval mortality when compared to untreated control groups. The result showed strong insecticidal activity, in control of larvae of D. maculatus infesting dried fish and can be recommended in prevention and control of D. maculatus infestation on dried fish.

The morphological and biochemical characteristics of plants exposed to air pollution are significantly affected, leading to stunted growth and impaired overall plant health. The rise in air pollution, caused by engine exhaust, tire abrasion, and rapid urbanization, has made controlling traffic-related pollution challenging. The current study aimed to assess the Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) of eight randomly collected tropical plant genera that naturally dominate the roadsides of Kalgo-Bunza highway in Kebbi State. The APTI was determined using AOAC (2016) protocols by analyzing biochemical parameters, including leaf pH, relative water content (RWC), ascorbic acid content, and chlorophyll content of plant extracts. Digitaria debilis exhibited the highest RWC of 74% and ascorbic acid content of 7.28mg/g, while the lowest values of 20% and 1.09mg/g were recorded in Amaranthus viridis and Eragrostis trenula, respectively. Eragrostis cylindriflora's leaves had the lowest pH level of 4.91 mol/L, whereas Digitaria debilis showed the highest pH of 5.90 mol/L. Senna occidentalis recorded the maximum chlorophyll content of 1.46mg/ml, followed by Amaranthus viridis with 1.37mg/g, while Digitaria debilis exhibited the minimum content of 0.14mg/g. Anbropogon gayanus had the lowest APTI of 7.43, while Commelina nudiflora exhibited the highest tolerance levels to air pollution with an APTI of 11.79. In conclusion, the plant species evaluated in this study displayed both high tolerance and sensitivity levels to air pollutants, indicating a high level of air pollution in the study area. These plant species could be considered suitable for regulating atmospheric air pollutants.

The study was conducted to estimate the anatomical characteristics of Hildegardia barteri raised in University of Ibadan South-western Nigeria to assess their suitability for pulp and paper marking. Three trees of H. barteri samples along sampling height were used for the study and samples collected were processed into various dimension using standard procedure. Physical properties and cell morphology were determined. Samples (strips of 3cm) were collected from base, middle and top portion of the sampling height. Slivers were obtained from each of the portion and macerated with acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide (1:1) at a temperature of 100°C in an oven. Data were subordinated to ANOVA in a completely randomized design (CRD). However, a follow-up test was carried out using the Duncan’s multiple range of test (DMRT) at 5% level of probability. An aggregate of twenty fibres were aimlessly named and mounted on slides and also examined under a Microscope from each slice portion for fibre characteristics evaluation. The results revealed that H. barteri has the following mean value: FL (1.95mm), FD (23.4µM), LW (14.06µM), WT (5.60µM), RR (0.079%), CR (21.08%) and SR (0.08%). The results revealed that the anatomical characteristics of H. barteri compared with other species like Gmelina arborea and Pinus caribaea popularly grown for pulp and paper making and therefore, recommend the specie as substitute to the prominent trees species in papermaking industry.

Female Anopheles mosquitoes are carriers of malaria which is a major public health problem in subSaharan Africa, where over 85- 90% of all global burden of malaria exists with up to 50% of all outpatient visits in areas with high malaria transmission and 30% - 50% of all hospital admissions are attributed to malaria. The disease kills 1.1 million people worldwide each year. Approximately, one million of these deaths are in Africa and an estimated 700, 000 of them are children. These malaria deaths account for one out of every four childhood deaths in Africa. Kebbi State has been reported to be one of the malaria endemic regions with highpercentage of up to 50% prevalence. The study was conducted in three selected LGAs:Argungu, Bunza and Kalgo. In each of the LGAs, six communities areinvolved in which, four houses, each with both indoors and outdoors CDC light traps. Equally, in each of the six communities, 32 houses were selected randomly for pyrethroid spray catch (collection) (PSC), using the standard insecticide (Raid), with white plain cloth spread to ease collection ofmosquitoes. Both collections from CDC indoors, outdoors and PSC collections were conveyed to the laboratory for screening of female Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes using stereomicroscopes. A total of 16396 mosquitoes were collected between July and December. Highest number 8606(52.5%) were collected from Argungu, followed by Bunza with 4215 (25.7%) and the lowest from Kalgo LGA with 3575 (21.8%). Out of the total 16396 mosquitoes collected, 9095(55.5%) were collected from PSC, 5273(32.2%) from CDC Indoors and 2028(12.3%) were from outdoors collections. Results of monthly collection revealed that highest number 4709(28.9%) was collected from September, followed by 4227(25.9%), collected in the month of July, followed by 3582(22.0%) in August, 1840(11.3%) in October, 1163(7.12%) in November and lastly 788(4.82%) in December. It could be concluded that most of Kebbi State, being a flood plain located on a major river valley (Sokoto-Rima River), there are a lot of mosquito breeding sites, especially during the rainy season. There is therefore, urgent need for employment of integrated vector control method with special emphasis on larval source management, biological control, growth regulating insecticides in addition to the conventional chemical insecticidal control strategies to curve the level of transmission of malaria in the area.

The study was conducted to investigate the effect of Ricinus communis on the management of some fungal diseases of carrots. Diseased leaves and roots of carrots were obtained from three different sample location (More, Badageni and Ruggar Liman areas) of Sokoto state. The fungi present in the leaves and roots were isolated and identified. The seeds of Ricinus communis was extracted using steeped water. The extract was then used to conduct sensitivity test on the isolated fungi using Ager Incorporation Method. The common fungi isolated were Alternaria alternata, Fusarium oxysporum, Mucor hiemalis and Penicillium notatum.The result revealed that Fusarium oxysporum present in all the three sample areas. It also had the highest rate of occurrence and mostly present in the leaves. The seed of R. communis was found to have some phytochemical compounds such as alkaloids, Saponins and flavonoids. For the sensitivity test, the extract showed low activity against all the tested organisms. The activity was only seen against A. alternate but at high concentration of 200 mg/ml. No activity was recorded against F. oxysporum, P. notatum and M. heimalis. Control showed significantly higher activity than the tested extract. Carrots are susceptible to fungal attack and the most common is the Fusarium oxysporum. The steeped water extract of the seeds of R. communis have been found to have low activity against the isolated fungi. Other parts of the plant such as leaves and seeds could be investigated to determine their effectiveness.

Vegetation degradation has limited studies in the northwestern part of Nigeria, a semiarid region, and an eco-sensitive area with limited surface water and remarkably resilient vegetation covers. This study was aimed at monitoring and assessing vegetation degradation patterns in Kebbi State, northwestern Nigeria, using Landsat-NDVI. Landsat images from 1993 to 2022 were downloaded from the USGS website using TM for 1993 and 1998, ETM+ for 2003, 2008 and 2013 and OLI for 2018 and 2022. The vegetation Maps of the area were generated using Maximum Likelihood Classification (MLC) to detect degradation. Mann-Kendall (MK) and Sen-slope analyses were performed to identify the magnitude of degradation. The NDVI results revealed a decrease in vegetation greenness, from a maximum of 0.609 in 1993 to a minimum of 0.415 in 2022. Dense vegetation decreases by –2082.37 Km2 (–9.62%), –4453.11 Km2 (–20.57%), –2194.72 Km2 (–10.14%) and –3902.09 Km2 (–18.03%), from 1993 to 1998, 1998 to 2003, 2008 to 2013 and 2013 to 2018, respectively, but an increase of +98.64 Km2 (+4.53%) and +3118.60 Km2 (+14.41%) was respectively observed from 2003 to 2008 and 2018 to 2022 with an overall net degradation of –8533.05 Km2 (–39.43%) in the past 29 years. The MK and Sen’s slope revealed that vegetation cover and its greenness were significantly (Z> −1.96 and P< 0.05) degraded by −294.24 Km2 and −0.005 per year, respectively. The degradation observed resulted in the decline of ecosystem services, plants and animal species populations that rely on specific habitats and vegetation types for survival. It is recommended that KESEPA, NESREA and the Agency for Great Green Wall intervene in reversing the degraded vegetation by enhancing the adaptive strategies in the land management and conservation programs and providing fuel-efficient stoves to replace firewood.

Stem barks of Jatropha curcas have been used as a folk remedy to treat diarrhea, dysentery, cuts, and wounds. This study determines the antischistosomal activity of Jatropha curcas stem bark extract against the cercarial stage of Schistosoma manson. Stem bark was shade-dried and pulverized with mortar and pestle into powder and passed through a mesh to standardize the particle. Particles were extracted using hexane, methanol and, water using standard procedure. Biomphelaria pfeifferi were exposed to 100-watt bulb for cercarial shedding. Aliquots containing 50 cercariae were exposed to each of the plant concentrations and cercarial motility was monitored using a stereo microscope at different intervals; absence of motility indicates cercarial death. Schistosoma mansoni cercaria was treated with 60, 120, 180, 240 and 300 µg/ml of the extracts. Qualitative phytochemical screening of the plant extracts revealed the presence of saponins, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, steroids, alkaloids and cardiac glycosides. All the extracts have cercaricidal activity at different concentrations. The aqueous extract caused cercarial death (100%) within 8 minutes at 60 µg/ml and 5 minutes at 120 µg/mL concentrations, hexane extracts showed 100% mortality at 60 µg/ml within 24 minutes and 20 minutes at 120 µg/mL concentrations, methanol extracts exhibited 100% cercarial death within 46 minutes at 60 µg/ml, 120 µg/ml within 42 minutes respectively. The extracts with the highest efficacy at minimum concentration are aqueous extracts at 60 µg/ml followed by methanol and then hexane. This study suggests that the extracts possessed metabolites of pharmacological potential against the cercariae stage of S. mansoni. It is recommended that further research should be carried out to identify the exact phytochemical metabolites responsible for its efficacy.

Oxidative stress plays a significant role in the development and progression of numerous diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the in vivo antioxidant potential of Citrus sinensis (L.) peel methanol extract in albino rats. The extract was screened for phytochemical compounds and its acute toxicity and antioxidant properties. Eighteen adult albino rats of both sexes were used for in-vivo analysis, divided into six groups with three rats each. Groups 1, 2, and 3 received distilled water, carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), and silymarin, serving as normal, negative, and positive controls, respectively. Groups 4, 5, and 6 received 100mg/kg, 200mg/kg, and 400mg/kg of the extract, respectively, and served as the extract-treated groups. Oxidative stress was induced intraperitoneally using CCL4 in all groups except the normal control group. Blood samples were collected seven days after oxidative induction and analyzed for malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT). The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, and volatile oils. Acute toxicity tests showed that the extract was well-tolerated at 5000 mg/kg b.w. The results for in vivo study showed that the extract significantly(p<0.05) decreased MDA and GSH levels and increased SOD and CAT activities compared to the negative control group. This study suggests that the C. sinensis peel methanol extract has antioxidant potentials in albino rats and could contribute to existing literature on its pharmacological properties.

The research was carried out to determine the proximate contents of Parkia biglobosa fruit pulp collected from Dankure and Marna Market, Sokoto. Standard Analytical Method of Association of Analytical Chemists (AOAC) was used. The result on proximate analysis of Parkia biglobosa fruit pulp obtained from Dankure Market, Sokoto showed that, the carbohydrate contents of fruit pulp had the highest value of 73.00±8.14, followed by Moisture content with 15.50±1.22 and the least was Fiber with 2.17±0.84 while that of Marna Market showed that, Carbohydrates had the highest value of 71.34±0.00, followed by Moisture contents with 14.26±0.29 and the least was Fiber with 2.21±0.05. In conclusion, the Carbohydrate, moisture and Protein content in Dankure Market is higher than that of Marna Market while the Protein content and Fiber content were higher in Marna Market than in Dankure Market. This research recommended the use of fruit pulp of Parkia biglobosa as a good source of energy due to the presences of high content of Carbohydrates, protein and moisture in both the two market.

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) enhances food flavour, but its safety as additive is still debated across the world. Indiscriminate MSG use in Nigeria is rampant in many local restaurants. This study aimed at investigating morphologic and histologic aberration potential of excessive MSG consumption on male reproductive organs. Three doses were investigated in twenty healthy male mice between 24 – 30 g. The mice were randomly grouped into four groups (n=5), after 10 days acclimatization, groups 1, 2, and 3 were orally administered 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg b.w doses, respectively for 6 weeks. Group 4 only received distilled water as control. Animals were fed pellet diet and water ad libitum throughout the study and weighed weekly. At expiration of study, animals were sacrificed via jugular puncture. Sperm flushed from epididymis, smear prepared, and testes examined. Dose-dependent increase in weight, histologic aberrations, sperm motility and morphology of treated mice was observed (p˂0.05). Histoarchitecture revealed Leydig cell hyperplasia (LCH), distend seminiferous tubules (DST), Hyalinized interstitial tissue (HIT), and scanty sperm in vacuolated seminiferous tubules. Morphologic alteration such as, pin head, banana sperm head, hookless, headless and amorphous sperms were observed in treated mice. This may be attributed to increased doses in MSG suggesting that MSG bound to glutamate receptors causing spermatogenic alterations, oxidative damage, imbalanced gonadotropin and reproductive dysfunction. This study revealed MSG toxicity on spermatozoa and testes. We recommend consumption of fruits and vegetables to mitigate MSG toxicity on reproductive function in human males.