This study assessed the concentrations of selected physicochemical parameters in groundwater obtained from boreholes located in Jalingo Metropolis, Taraba State, using the Water Quality Index (WQI) approach. The WQI technique integrates multiple water quality parameters into a single, easily interpretable value for both scientific and non‑scientific audiences. Twelve key physicochemical parameters were analyzed: pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), salinity, total chlorine, fluoride, chloride, total copper, total zinc, total cadmium, total iron, and hexavalent chromium (Cr⁶⁺). Water samples were collected from two boreholes situated in the Investment Quarters and Sabon Gari areas using a composite sampling technique. Comparison of the analyzed parameters with World Health Organization (WHO) standards revealed that all parameters were within acceptable limits except fluoride and cadmium, which exceeded recommended thresholds in samples from Investment Quarters. The computed WQI values were 93.47 for Investment Quarters and 2.69 for Sabon Gari, indicating that the water from Investment Quarters falls under the 'very poor' quality category, while water from Sabon Gari falls under the 'excellent' category. Consequently, groundwater from the Sabon Gari borehole is suitable for human consumption and domestic use, whereas the water from the Investment Quarters borehole is unfit for consumption.

Plants contain biologically active compounds with properties such as antioxidant activity, anti-hemolytic activity, antimicrobial effect etc. However, these properties vary from plant to plant. This study aims to compare the in vitro antioxidant and anti-hemolytic activity of aqueous leaf extracts of Adansonia digitata and Moringa oleifera, two commonly consumed vegetables in Northern Nigeria. The antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH radical scavenging and FRAP assays, while anti-hemolytic activity was evaluated in comparison to quercetin as standard. The percentage inhibition of DPPH radical scavenging activity of the extracts and the standard ascorbic showed that the aqueous leaf extract of M. oleifera exhibited higher antioxidant activity than A. digitata extract. The IC50 of M. oleifera (3.01 mg/ml) was lower than A. digitata (3.48 mg/ml) with respect to the standard ascorbic acid (2.32 mg/ml).The FRAP assay also showed that extract of M. oleifera exhibited better antioxidant capacity than the A. digitata extract. The IC50 of M. oleifera (2.96 mg/ml) was lower than A. digitata (3.36 mg/ml) in comparison to ascorbic acid (2.02 mg/ml).Also, percentage inhibitions of anti-hemolytic activity of aqueous leaf extracts of A. digitata and M. oleifera; and the standard quercetin showed that the aqueous leaf extract of M. oleifera exhibited higher anti-hemolytic activity than A. digitata extract. The IC50 of M. oleifera (3.35 mg/ml) was lower than A. digitata (4.16 mg/ml) in comparison to quercetin (1.92 mg/ml). These findings suggest that Moringa oleifera may serve as a more suitable and potent agent against free radical mediated and hemolytic diseases.

Wild mushrooms have been relatively well documented in various environments however; they remain significantly under-recorded in the Guinea Savanna region of southern Kebbi State due to lack of both professional and amateur mycologists conducting periodic surveys. This study aimed at studying morphology and diversity of wild mushrooms in Yauri metropolis using standard procedures between May to October, 2023. A total of eight wild mushroom species were identified, belonging to five families: Agaricaceae, Hypoxylaceae, Pleurotaceae, Polyporaceae, and Ganodermataceae. Among the species observed on various substrates, Daldinia concentrica (31.6), Ganoderma applanatum (17.1), and Trametes versicolor (12.8) had the highest densities. Pleurotus tuber-regium and Ganoderma spp. both recorded a density of 8.5, followed by Agaricus sp. with 5.1, while Ganoderma lucidum showed the lowest density at 4.3. This study represents a preliminary effort to document and characterize the morphological features of wild mushrooms in the area. It highlights the urgent need for a more comprehensive and systematic survey of mushroom species across Kebbi State. Accurate scientific identification of wild mushrooms is essential for understanding their distinguishing features and exploring their potential biological and economic benefits.

This article presents the development of a digital distance measuring device with an ultrasonic sensor (HC-SR04) and an Arduino microcontroller. The device has the potential to substitute the traditional devices such as manual tape measures with higher accuracy, speed, and data logging capability. The circuit was modeled on Eagle software, the PCB design was done, microcontroller was coded, and the 3D case design on SolidWorks. Prototype accuracy, precision, and speed were tested and proved to provide dramatic improvement compared to conventional methods. The instrument provides a high degree of accuracy for the range of measurement (2-400 cm) and provides quick distance measurement with precision of 97-100%. The compact and user-friendly nature of the instrument makes it suitable for various applications across industries like robotics, construction, and industrial automation.

The roots of Cassia sieberiana (African laburnum) is a common aphrodisiac in Northern Nigeria that is used in traditional medicine to enhance sexual function and treat erectile dysfunction in men without much consideration for its safety and side effects. This study evaluated the toxicity of oral administration of ethanol extract of C. sieberiana on male rats. Twenty (20) male wistar rats were randomly distributed into control group and three treatment groups made up of five (5) rats each, and orally administered crude extract of C. sieberiana roots for 21 days at 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight respectively. The body weight, organ weight, liver function, kidney function, antioxidant and malondialdehyde levels were determined. The results revealed that LD50 of the extract was greater than 5000 mg/kg b.w. Additionally, no significant differences (p > 0.05) were found in the respective body weight, liver function parameters, antioxidant and lipid peroxidation markers of treated groups with reference to the control group. There was a significant increase in the weight of the pancreas of the treated groups compared to the control. The test rats administered 100 and 200 mg/kg b. w. recorded a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in serum potassium ions concentration. These results therefore suggest that oral administration of C. sieberiana did not induce any significant alterations or toxic effect in the male rats. C. sieberiana ethanolic extract can be considered safe. However, further investigation on histopathology of vital organs and chronic toxicity study is still required to ensure the safety of the plant.

The established link between environmental and lifestyle factors and colorectal cancer necessitates continuous investigation into potential chemopreventive agents. This study evaluated the effect of Arachis hypogaea seeds and a standard drug, 5-fluorouracil, on the biochemical and histological parameters in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colon carcinogenesis in mice (Mus musculus). Twenty-eight mice used for this study were divided into seven groups of 4 mice each. 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) was administered subcutaneously at a dose of 25 mg/kg body weight, and peanut was incorporated into the diet at a 20% level. Group 1 (control) mice were maintained on normal feed. Group 2 and 3 mice were maintained on normal feed and administered DMH once weekly for 12 and 6 weeks, respectively. Group 4 mice were administered DMH and a peanut-supplemented diet for 12 weeks. Group 5 mice received DMH weekly and a normal diet for the first 6 weeks, and a peanut-supplemented diet for the next 6 weeks. Group 6 mice were administered DMH and 5-fluorouracil for 12 weeks. Group 7 mice were maintained on only a peanut-supplemented diet for 6 weeks before being administered DMH. Results showed that DMH significantly (p ≤ 0.05) elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in colon tissue (1.38 ± 0.54 nmol/mg), which was reduced significantly (p ≤ 0.05 by peanut supplementation and 5-fluorouracil treatment. Notably, Group 7 exhibited the lowest MDA levels (0.05 ± 0.03 nmol/mg). DMH administration also significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased antioxidant enzyme activities and glutathione levels, which were reversed by peanut supplementation. Histological analysis confirmed carcinogenic alterations in the colonic mucosa of DMH-treated mice, while a peanut-supplemented diet mitigated these changes. These findings suggest that Arachis hypogaea seeds exert a protective, anticarcinogenic effect against DMH-induced colon carcinogenesis, supporting their potential as a dietary chemopreventive agent.

Metabolic syndrome is a constellation of interconnected physiological, biochemical, clinical, and metabolic factors that directly increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and all-cause mortality of an individual. Insulin resistance, visceral adiposity, atherogenic dyslipidemia, endothelial dysfunction, genetic susceptibility, elevated blood Pressure, hypercoagulable state, and chronic stress are the several factors which constitute the syndrome. Chronic inflammation is known to be associated with visceral obesity and insulin resistance which is characterized by production of abnormal adipocytokines such as tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, leptin, and adiponectin. The interaction between components of the clinical phenotype of the syndrome with its biological phenotype (insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, etc.) contributes to the development of a proinflammatory and further a chronic, subclinical vascular inflammation which modulates and results in atherosclerotic processes. Lifestyle modification remains the initial intervention of choice for such population. Modern lifestyle modification therapy combines specific recommendations on diet and exercise with behavioral strategies. Pharmacological treatment should be considered for those whose risk factors are not adequately reduced with lifestyle changes. This review offers an overview of the research on the definition, epidemiology, underlying pathophysiology, and management strategies for each of the risk factors that make up the metabolic syndrome.

This study was designed to investigate the potential toxic effect of aluminium phosphide (AlP) and the protective role of vitamin C on liver, kidney and haematology biomarkers using Wistar rats. Thirty male Wistar rats were divided randomly into six groups of five animals each. Group1 served as control and was administered distilled water. Groups 2, 5 and 6 were administered with AlP-laced diet (1.2 mg/kg) for 28 days. Groups 3, 4, 5 and 6 received vitamin C at varying doses (50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg) also throughout the duration of the experiment. At the end of the treatments, all the rats were sacrificed and blood samples collected. Serum biomarkers and haematology markers were assayed. Data collected were analyzed using student t-test and ANOVA. Vitamin C significantly (P<0.05) reversed AlP-induced alterations in liver function parameters with ALT, AST, ALP and bilirubin levels reduced by 6.3%, 14.9%, 9.8% and 13.4%. Albumin and total protein levels increased by 9.8% and 13.4%. Alterations in kidney function indices were also significantly(P<0.05) reversed with creatinine, urea, sodium, potassium and chloride levels reduced by 20.3%, 36.2%, 4.7%, 4.9% and 37.4%. Also the alterations observed in haematological indices were significantly (P<0.05) reversed with red blood cells, hemoglobin and hematocrit levels increased by 15.4%, 15.3% and 13%. White blood cells, lymphocyte, neutrophils and platelet levels reduced by 14.6%, 5.5%, 21.4% and 14.3% respectively. Vitamin C can therefore be inferred to be protective against AlP toxicity and could potentially serve as an agent against its poisoning.

Water scarcity presents a significant challenge in agriculture, making the development of efficient irrigation systems essential to optimize water use and enhance crop yields. Manual irrigation methods are labor-intensive, time-consuming, and tend to waste water through inconsistent application. This study explores the design, construction, and testing of a solar-powered automatic irrigation system using the ATmega328P microcontroller. The system combines soil moisture sensors, a relay module, and water pumps to automate watering based on real-time soil moisture data. Simulations and experiments on sandy, clay, and loamy soils confirmed the system's reliability and stable connections. Results showed that sandy soil needed the most frequent watering, 3 to 4 times daily, due to quick drainage, while clay and loamy soils required 1 to 2 and 2 to 3 activations per day, respectively. Sandy soil also responded fastest (5-10 seconds), compared to clay (15-20 seconds) and loamy (10-15 seconds). Temperature readings peaked in sandy soil (30 °C), followed by loamy (26 °C) and clay (25 °C). Flow rates were highest in sandy soil (65 cl/h), with clay and loamy soils at 50 cl/h and 12 cl/h. Relative humidity and moisture content were lowest in sandy soil (62% and 22%) versus clay (80%, 39%) and loamy (72%, 32%). Overall, the system responded quickly, operated reliably, and distributed water efficiently. The findings confirm that integrating microcontrollers and moisture sensors provides a cost-effective, scalable, and sustainable solution for precision agriculture.

The impact of drought on cowpea production in sub-Saharan Africa cannot be overemphasized. However, the use of drought-tolerant cowpea would help mitigate the effect of drought on cowpea production. Hence, the study aimed to breed drought-tolerant cowpea cultivars and determine the genetics of drought tolerance in cowpea. IT98K-205-8 and NG/SA/01/09/004 previously identified as drought tolerant and susceptible were reciprocally crossed in this study. Seeds of both F1 and F2 (selfed hybrids) progenies developed were screened for drought tolerance under simulated 35 days of water stress. Data was taken for drought stress and recovery response when water was re-introduced after drought simulation. A total of 49 hybrid progenies weregotten from the reciprocal crosses of the parents selected and screened in both F1 and F2 generations. Eleven droughts tolerant (85-100% recovery from drought) and nineteen moderate droughts tolerant (50-79% recovery from drought) were developed. A segregation ratio of 9:7 for drought tolerant to drought susceptible signifying duplicate recessive genes was observed in the F2 population and inheritance of drought tolerant trait was independent on the mother plants. Hence, this information will be of vital use in the development of breeding strategies for drought-tolerant improvement in cowpea.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) remains a major global public health concern, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. The fixed-dose combination therapy involving Dolutegravir, Lamivudine, and Tenofovir (TLD) has been recommended for its superior efficacy and tolerability all above the World. This study aimed at evaluates the effect of TLD on viral load suppression among HIV-infected patients in Kebbi State, Nigeria using retrospective cohort and semi-structured questionnaire methods. Data on the demographics, treatment history and viral load were obtained from 169 HIV-positive medical records patients receiving ART in selected health facilities within the study area. From the results obtained over 75% of the medical records patients were transitioned to TLD achieved viral load suppression (<200 copies/mL) within six months compared to patients on older ART regimens that observed with a significantly lowest suppression rate of about 55%. Additionally, patients on TLD reported fewer side effects, improved health outcomes and higher adherence levels. TLD demonstrated superior viral load suppression and tolerability. Thus, transitioning eligible patients to TLD and investing in adherence programs is critical to achieving HIV epidemic control targets in the study area.

Energy drinks are consumed on a daily basis, due to their ability to enhance energy levels, improve concentration, and boost physical and mental performance. However, the high demand may compromise the quality of production with possible contamination of heavy metals which have been shown to cause intoxication and death in humans. This study evaluated some constituents of five energy drinks commonly consumed in Nigeria and investigated the presence of some chemical, mineral and heavy metal. Five (5) different energy drinks with 3 samples per group was used for the study. The energy drinks were screened for the presence of sugars, carbon dioxide, phosphate and alcohol as well as the pH was determined using standard protocols. Heavy metals (Cadmium, Mercury, Arsenic, Chromium and Lead) and minerals were determined using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The results showed the presence of carbon dioxide, high levels (+++) of sugar and alcohol, and a trace of phosphate in the energy drinks. The energy drinks were acidic in nature with pH ranging from 2 to 4. Lead and cadmium were non-detectable, while arsenic and mercury were present in all 5 samples ranging from 0.004 to 1.00 mg/L. The levels of the heavy metal were above the tolerated limits for good quality drinking water in most samples when compared to EPA, WHO and NIS standards. The overall findings of this study suggest that though the energy drinks in Benin may contain some crucial minerals, However, the presence of some heavy metals in the energy drinks may not be safe for consumption.

Dacryodes edulis and Ficus capensis are medicinal plants commonly utilized in traditional Nigerian medicine to manage malaria and other ailments. This study evaluated the in vivo antiplasmodial activity of combined methanol leaf extracts of these plants against chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium berghei NK-65 in Swiss albino mice using Peter’s 4-day suppressive test. Thirty -six male mice were randomly divided into six groups (n = 6): Group 1 (normal control) received the vehicle only; Group 2 (negative control) was infected without treatment; Group 3 (positive control) received chloroquine (10 mg/kg/day), while Groups 4, 5, and 6 received the extract at doses of 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg/day, respectively. Treatment was administered orally once daily. The combined extract significantly (p < 0.05) suppressed parasitaemia in a dose-dependent manner, achieving 60.48%, 69.07%, and 77.84% suppression, respectively, compared to 96.32% in the chloroquine-treated group. Biochemically, the extract reversed infection-induced elevations in serum liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP), with ALT levels reduced by 35.6% at a dose of 500 mg/kg. It also significantly decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and restored reduced glutathione (GSH) levels in liver and brain tissues. Hematological indices such as hematocrit and red blood cell count were significantly improved at 250 and 500 mg/kg, though the highest dose (1000 mg/kg) led to elevated white blood cell counts, indicating possible immune stimulation. These findings provide scientific support for the traditional use of these plants in malaria treatment and suggest their potential as effective and affordable alternatives to conventional antimalarial therapies. Future studies should focus on evaluating the long-term safety profiles to facilitate the development of these agents into clinically viable antimalarials.

Studies have shown that exposure to electronic waste leachate from landfills, industrial processes, or agriculture can pose health risks to humans and animals. However, the exact nature of the health problems has not been established. This study evaluated the physicochemical parameters and effects of leachate from e-waste collected from Alaba International Market, Lagos on Swiss albino mice. Forty-two rats of both sexes were distributed equally into 7 groups. The control rats in group 1 were fed distilled water while the test rats in groups 2-7 were fed 0.5ml 100%, 50%, 25%, 10%, 5%, and 1% v/v of the leachate, respectively. The administration was monitored for 16 days, during which clinical observations and body weight measurement were also carried out. Thereafter, the rats were euthanized and their liver, kidney and sperm functions were determined. The genotoxicity of the leachate was also evaluated. Physicochemical analysis showed that pH, turbidity, conductivity, TSS, etc.) exceeded the standards set by the World health organization (WHO) and the Nigeria standard for water quality (NSDWQ). The results also revealed elevated liver enzymes (AST, ALT) and kidney damage (CREA); reduced sperm count and motility; increased sperm aberrations; and DNA damage in liver cells, including single-strand breaks and double-strand breaks in mice exposed to e-waste leachate. The study concludes that e-waste leachate is cytotoxic and genotoxic, posing potential health risks to humans and animals. Minimizing human exposure, proper management and disposal of e-waste are crucial to prevent adverse health effects and mitigate its toxicity on human health and the environment.

The study assessed the roles of effective communication skills in reducing misdiagnosis and enhancing patient safety among laboratory staff. Fifty [50] Laboratory staff of Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida Specialist Hospital, Minna were purposively selected from different departments, including Chemical Pathology, Microbiology, Haematology, Immunology and Gene x-pert Laboratory. The study rode on the information theory of the media and it was discovered that effective communication is very essential among laboratory staff in ensuring accurate diagnosis results [84%]. Inaccurate diagnosis outcomes can claim the life of a patient, causing the health care to lose its credibility in public. Also, training laboratory staff on effective communication skills helped to improve patient safety [81%] and promoted accurate diagnosis results [91%]. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire given to the Laboratory staff and collected data were coded and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences [SPSS] software. The study concluded that effective communication helps to improve patient safety and promote accurate diagnosis results among the laboratory staff. Besides, the study demographics cover individuals between the ages of 18 to >35 years covering five departmental laboratories and different marital statuses. The study results showed that effective communication among laboratory staff had a significant impact on diagnostic results and potential reduction in misdiagnosis. Also, the study results showed the effectiveness of communication training on staff development and improvements in client safety and treatment outcomes. However, the study recommended that laboratory staff should maintain effective communication skills and be trained on effective communication skills to promote proper diagnosis, reduce misdiagnosis, and ensure positive patient outcomes and safety.

The study investigated the heavy metal concentration in plants obtained from Oja-Oba; one of the solid waste disposal sites in Lagos, Nigeria. Plant samples were collected and then analyzed for heavy metals using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). The findings from the study showed that the studied plants bio accumulated lead, copper and cadmium. For instance, 0.34± 0.05 lead concentration and 0.27± 0.05 cadmium concentration respectively, were found in Capscicum frutenscens. In this same plant, the concentrations of copper was below the acceptable limit. Also, the concentrations of lead, copper and cadmium in other studied plants were found to be below the WHO maximum permissible limit. This implies that poor waste management and accumulation of tons of solid waste in the dumpsite negatively affects soil quality, plants that are likely to grow on the dumpsites as well as animals within the food chain that would feed on such plants. Hence, the resultant effects could pose serious threat to human and animal health due to possible bioaccumulation and bio magnifications through plant uptake from the soil. It was recommended that proper waste management using the 3Rs (reduce, reuse and recycle), appropriate environmental laws must be in place and sanitary landfills should be available to ensure the sustainability of the environment.

Background of the study: The recent increase in resistance of the malaria parasite has led to the urgent need for new and novel antimalarial molecules with different modes of action to combat the resistance. Plants have in the past proven to be sources of new molecules for drug development against diseases including malaria. Statement of problem: The increase in antimalarial drug resistance has greatly affected efforts towards the control and prevention of malaria in recent years. Hence, there is an urgent need for the discovery of new molecules for the development of new antimalarial drugs. Research on plants used traditionally for malaria treatment, such as Alstonia boonei in this study, may yield new antimalarial molecules. Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to evaluate the metabolite compositions and antimalarial efficacy of Alstonia boonei (cheese wood) in plasmodium-infected white albino mice (BALB/c mice). Methodology: Standard chemical tests were carried out on the extract to determine the presence of phytochemical metabolite compounds in the extract by using the modified methods described in an earlier study [10]. Each test was qualitatively expresses as negative (-) or positive (+). The antimalaria efficacy of the extract was evaluated in Plasmodium berghei-infected white albino (BALAB/c) mice. The levels of parasitaemia inhibition by the extract was determined by the examination of thin and thick blood smear preparations from the treated mice under the microscope. Results: Metabolite compounds obtained from the phytochemical evaluation of the extract include tannins, flavonoids, steroids, phenols, alkaloids, saponins, glycosides and terpenoids. The antimalarial tests of the ethanolic root extract of A. boonei showed significant dose- dependent antimalarial activity against Plasmodium berghei infection in white albino mice (BALB/c mice) as indicated by the, suppressive (41.64%, 53.92% and 62.81% for 100, 200 and 400 mgkg-1 body weights), prophylactic (45.79%, 58.54% and 66.73% for 100, 200 and 400 mgkg-1 body weights), and curative (49.46%, 65.97% and 69.58% for 100, 200 and 400 mgkg-1 body weights) effects. Conclusion: It was concluded that the extract contains important metabolite compounds and also has significant antimalarial efficacy against malaria infection. Recommendation: It is recommended that Alstonia boonei plant extracts should be further investigated to determine their bioactive compounds. The bioactive compounds should then be isolated and then tested to determine their antimalarial potential and position them for new antimalarial drug development.

The plant Ficus capensis, traditionally used in treating ailments such as gonorrhea, dysentery, and fever, has been underexplored for its potential antiplasmodial activity. This study evaluates the antiplasmodial efficacy and hematological effects of the methanol leaf extract of F. capensis on Swiss albino mice (Mus musculus) infected with Plasmodium berghei NK65. Peter's 4-day suppressive test was used to assess the anti-malarial activity following oral administration of the extract. Phytochemical screening identified the presence of terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, saponins, and alkaloids, many of which have demonstrated bioactive properties in various biological activities. The extract exhibited a significant, dose-dependent reduction in parasitaemia, with 43.18%, 64.13%, and 78.16% suppression at 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, and 1000 mg/kg, respectively (p < 0.05). The standard anti-malarial drug, chloroquine, significantly reduced parasitaemia to 0.37%, with a suppression rate of 96.33%. Hematological analysis indicated that the extract treatment increased Red Blood Cell count, hemoglobin levels, hematocrit, and platelet count, suggesting a protective effect against malaria-induced hematological disruptions. White blood cell (WBC) counts were elevated in parasitized groups but showed a dose-dependent decline in extract-treated mice, indicating a potential immune-modulating effect. These results collectively suggest that F. capensis holds considerable promise as a source of natural anti-malarial agents. It provides hematoprotective effects, which could offer a novel approach to treating malaria and its associated complications. Further studies are warranted to isolate the active compounds responsible for these effects and to evaluate their clinical applicability.

Lithological identification was worked upon in Unguwan Dikko of Kalgo Local government, Kebbi state. using electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), nine profile lines were establised in the study area with the aim of providing detailed and accurate Imaging of subsurface lithological units. The ABEM SAS 300C terrameter instrument was used to carry out the survey. The field data obtained were analyse using RES2D software. The result delineated top soil with resistivity varying from 1250Ωm to 5248Ωm and a depth of 0-3m. The intermediate clay with lower resistivity values varying from 387Ωm to 1772Ωm and a depth of 3-15m. The deeper sandstone layer with higher resistivity values varying from 1136Ωm to 6964Ωm and depth of 15-25m, reflecting their distinct geological properties. The variations in thickness and depth of these layers across profiles highlight the complexity of the subsurface composition within the area of study. It is recommended that integrated methods (ERT and borehole data) should be used for a more detailed study.

Geological field mapping was carried out on the exposure of Gwandu Formation around Gulma Hill near Gulma village in the Sokoto sector of the Iullemmeden Basin to elucidate more on the interaction between rock types and their water source. Basic lithological characteristics including bed thicknesses, textural features, sedimentary structures, biogenic structures, and structural features were described. One lithostratigraphic section and a geological map were produced. Hydrogeochemical investigation was carried out in eight different locations in Gulma village near Argungu, northwestern Nigeria in order to determine the level of groundwater contamination. Six water samples were collected from the study area with their physico-chemical parameters such as Electrical conductivity (EC), Total dissolved solid (TDS), Potential of hydrogen (pH), and Temperature measured in situ, using handheld meters. Both chemical and heavy metal analyses for the samples were conducted at the Multi User laboratory, Usman Danfodiyo University Sokoto. The results were used to plot the Schoeller and Piper diagrams which shows the dominant water type in the study area to be Ca-Mg-HCO3 type. The concentration of the analyzed metals in the study area shows that, Na2+and NO3-, have values that are within WHO (2011) safe limit, while Ni+ is within the NSDWQ (2015) safe limit, physical parameters like TDS, and EC values fall within the NSDWQ (2015) safe limit. pH of some water sample fall below the recommended NSDWQ (2015) safe limit whereas pH of water samples from some areas are within the NSDWQ (2015) safe limits. While, chemical parameters like Mg2+and Pb2+ have values above the NSDWQ (2015) recommended safe limits which could lead to various ailment and diseases among the in habitants. Standard procedures are highly recommended to remediate Mg2+and Pb2+ in the drinking water of the affected household in the community to reduce or avoid the case of spread of different types of ailments.

Various processing methods are used widely in preparation of complementary foods. These processing methods are known to have effect on the overall nutritional profiles of formulations. This study evaluated the effects of these methods, specifically, soaking and roasting on a local complementary food that is prepared by mixing cereals and legumes at 3:2 ratios respectively. The proximate, functional, antinutritional, mineral and Amino acid content, storage stability and microbial analysis were conducted on two samples F1 (Soaked) and F2 (Roasted) of the complementary food formulation using standard analytical techniques. The results showed a significant difference (P<0.05). in the proximate properties. F1 showed increased crude fat (0.33±23.43%), protein (0.22±10.93%), fiber (0.46±15.73%) and energy density (457.99k/cal) while F2 showed increased carbohydrate (0.41±63.05%), moisture (0.07±2.45%) and ash content (0.19±2.92%). A significant difference (P<0.05) was observed in the antinutritional content, with F2 having lower values compared to F1 for both oxalate (0.02±0.46meq/L) and phytate (0.03±0.36meq/L). However, no significant difference (P>0.05) was observed in storage stability and sensory attributes although F2 had the highest overall acceptability score (29.5) for the sensory attributes. A significant difference (P<0.05) was observed in bulk density, swelling index and mineral content. F1 sample recorded the highest level of sodium (0.81±15.86mg\dl), iron (0.00±1.51mg\dl), cupper (0.02±0.20 mg\dl), and potassium (0.00±24.57mg\dl) while F2 had higher amounts of phosphorus (0.52±18.81mg\dl), calcium (0.23±69.54mg\dl) and magnesium (0.08±19.64 mg\dl). Higher Amino acid content was observed in F1 except in theorine, whose value was higher in F2. Low bacterial count was recorded for both samples and no toxic microbes were identified. Overall, the result showed that each processing method (soaking and roasting) had a varying effect on the complementary food formulations; this can be used to target and improve specific desirable properties when preparing complementary foods.

Food fortification is a crucial strategy to combat micronutrient deficiencies, ensuring that populations receive essential vitamins and minerals. This study assessed the accuracy of micronutrient content in fortified foods sold in Kebbi State by comparing labeled claims with laboratory analysis results. A total of 20 fortified food samples, including rice, pasta, flour, vegetable oil, sugar, and salt, were analyzed for key micronutrients using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) and standard AOAC methods for vitamin determination. The results revealed significant discrepancies between labeled claims and actual micronutrient content. For instance, Vitamin A in fortified rice ranged from 798.30±19.12 IU/kg to undetectable levels, far below the Standard requirement of 25,000 IU/kg. Similarly, iron concentrations varied from 6.55±0.43 mg/kg to 152.77±0.38 mg/kg, with inconsistencies across different products. Statistical analysis showed differences between labeled claims and laboratory results for several micronutrients. These findings highlight the need for stricter regulatory enforcement and improved quality control measures in fortified food production. It is recommended that routine monitoring and compliance checks be strengthened to ensure the effectiveness of fortification programs in addressing micronutrient deficiencies.

This research detailed the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in bioinformatics, current techniques for future trends, and an update on the most appropriate AI techniques for genomic data analysis, protein structure prediction, and modeling complex networks in biology. This review was conducted using multiple-step approach, including systematic surveys of existing literature on AI methodologies, and their applications, algorithmics comparison and case study investigations. Algorithmic comparison is made to evaluate the performance, accuracy, and computational cost of various AI models applied to bioinformatics problems. Similarly, domain-specific testing was performed using real bioinformatics case studies such as drug-target interaction predictions and the identification of cancer biomarkers. The findings from this review shows that in genomic data analysis, deep neural networks, including the use of convolutional neural networks (CNN) and recurrent neural networks (RNN), are found to be superior to conventional machine learning algorithms such as support vector machines (SVM), in variant calling and gene prediction. Comparative studies demonstrated that deep learning-based models, such as DeepVariant are more precise in the prediction of the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) than the standard statistical models, as sensitivity and specificity are enhanced. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests and cross-validation techniques were also used to provide stable performance comparison across different datasets and problem domains. The results of this research emphasize the transformative impact of AI on bioinformatics, demonstrating how various methodologies reinforce each other to improve the accuracy, speed, and interpretability of results in bioinformatics for future applications. It is recommended that future research should focus on integrating hybrid AI models uniting statistical, deep learning approaches with explainability methodologies for biomedical research and medical applications.

Taenia solium taeniosis/cysticercosis complex is a significant global public health and economic burden, contributing to neurocysticercosis in humans and financial losses in the pig farming industry due to pork downgrading. The disease remains endemic in many developing regions, including Nigeria, where poor sanitation and inadequate meat inspection facilitate its transmission. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of T. solium cysticercosis in pigs from the Zuru area of Kebbi State, Nigeria. A total of 184 pig sera samples were analyzed using antigen-ELISA to detect T. solium secretory/excretory antigens. The association between infection status and host factors (sex and age) was evaluated statistically. Of the 184 pig sera tested, 60 (32.6%) were positive for T. solium antigens, indicating active cysticercosis. There was no statistically significant association between sex and seroprevalence (p = 0.416); however, a significant association was observed between age and infection (p = 0.002), with older pigs exhibiting higher prevalence rates. The high seroprevalence of T. solium cysticercosis in pigs from the study area suggests an ongoing transmission cycle, posing a serious risk to public health and the local pig farming industry. Inadequate meat inspection and poor sanitation may contribute to the continued spread of the parasite, increasing the likelihood of human taeniosis and neurocysticercosis. Urgent interventions, including strengthened meat inspection, improved public health education, and targeted control measures, are necessary to mitigate the zoonotic and economic risks associated with T. solium transmission.

The tropical almond tree (Terminalia catappa) is a versatile perennial plant renowned for its resilience to saline and sandy soils and untapped nutritional potential. Despite the kernel's established health benefits, the fruit's hull remains under-researched. This study aimed to evaluate the nutritional and phytochemical composition of T. catappa hulls collected from three locations in Lagos State, Nigeria. Standard procedures were used to determine the proximate composition (moisture, protein, lipid, ash, crude fibre, and carbohydrate), mineral contents and the qualitative and quantitative phytochemical properties of the collected hull samples. Statistical significance was established using ANOVA (p < 0.05). This study revealed significant moisture (71.88 ± 0.07%), carbohydrate (24.32 ± 02.05%), and crude fibre (2.80 ± 0.05%) contents in Terminalia catappa hulls, along with the presence of phenolic compounds exhibiting antioxidant potential. Notable phytochemicals identified included flavonoids, tannins, and terpenoids, supporting their functional food potential. Additionally, the hulls contained a high concentration of vitamin C that surpasses many common fruits and exceeds the daily recommended dietary allowances for adults (60 mg), offering potential antioxidant benefits. The study highlights the nutritional and bioactive richness of T. catappa hulls, advocating for their inclusion in food systems to enhance dietary diversity and sustainability. Promoting the utilisation of T. catappa could aid in addressing food insecurity and fostering agricultural biodiversity in resource-constrained regions while contributing to ecosystem stability.

Infertility is the most prevalent reproductive problem affecting 10-15% of young couples. Evidences suggest injuries to the testes by reactive oxygen species as a result of drugs. This study investigated the ameliorative effects of selected polyphenols (gallic, betulinic and protocatechuic acids) on menadione-induced testicular dysfunction in rats. Thirty (30) male rats were randomly selected into six groups of five rats each. Group A were fed with normal feed and distilled water, while the remaining were given 10 mg/kg body weight of menadione intraperitoneally for 7 days to induce testicular dysfunction. Thereafter, Group B was given distilled water, while Group C was given 10 mg/kg of addyzoa (reference drug) and Groups D, E, and F were treated with 50 mg/kg of betulinic, gallic and protocatechuic acids respectively for 7 days. Menadione significantly (P≤0.05) reduced serum concentrations of Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), Leutenizing hormone (LH), testosterone, testicular cholesterol and sialic acid. The specific activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione transferase, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase were all significantly reduced in the untreated group. In contrast, there was a significant rise in malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl concentrations. Whereas, the polyphenolic compounds, significantly (P≤0.05) increased the serum concentrations of FSH, LH, testosterone, testicular cholesterol and sialic acid levels, with a significant decline in malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl concentrations and a significant rise in the specific activities of antioxidant enzymes. Conclusively, gallic and betulinic acids were more effective than the protocatechuic acid in the reversal of testicular dysfunction induced by menadione.

Cancer has been a menace to public health. Among all cancers, breast cancer is the most common in women. This research investigated the preventive effect of tomato and carrot supplementation in wistar rat administered breast carcinogen, Dimethylbenz-[a]-anthracene (DMBA). Tomato and carrot were dried under shade and pulverized. Forty-eight female rats were randomly distributed into 8 groups. Groups 1 and 2 comprised of unexposed rats fed standard diet and DMBA-administered group fed standard diet respectively. Groups 3-5 were DMBA-administered groups fed diets containing 20% tomato, 20% carrot, and 20% of an equally mixed tomato and carrot respectively. For groups 6-8, unexposed rats fed diets containing 20% tomato, carrot, and 20% of an equally mixed tomato and carrot respectively. Feeding was for a period of 10 weeks. Phytochemical characterization of the powdered plants was analyzed. Liver function parameters and inflammatory markers were assed. Histopathology of the kidney and liver was performed. Tomato powder had higher concentrations of carotenoids (23.99 mg/100g) and phenolics (0.51 mg/100g) but lower levels of flavonoids and alkaloids than carrot powder. There were significant decreases (p<0.05) in the activities of ALT, (AST) and (ALP) but an increase in the concentrations of TP in the (DMBA)-administered groups fed supplemented diets. All the groups had significantly (p<0.05) lower concentrations of C-reactive protein and tumor necrosis factor-alfa in comparison with the DMBA-administered group fed the standard diet. The DMBA- administered groups fed supplemented diets had improved cellular architecture in comparison with the DMBA-administered group fed standard diet. Supplementation of diets with either carrot or tomato reduces the risk of breast cancer in rats exposed to DMBA by ameliorating liver dysfunction, improving anti-inflammatory defense systems and by protecting cellular integrity. coordinated awareness about the importance of including tomato and carrot in the diet as means of preventing cancer and related diseases is encouraged.

The Nigeria rapid expanding population, security concerns, high cost of fuel, oil theft, pollution caused by fossil fuels and uneven distribution of petroleum among the states has contributed to Nigeria increasing demand for energy. Balanites aegyptiaca (desert date) seed shells was used as substrate for the production of acid-base biofunctional catalyst and characterized through energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence (EDXRF), scanning electron microscope (SEM) Brunauer-emmett-teller (BET) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) respectively. The EDXRF elemental composition of both biochar and the produced acid-base biofunctional catalyst revealed the presence of , Ca, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br, Pb and Sr at different concentration while metallic oxides or oxide of metals showed the presence of FeO3, CuO, Ni2O, Al2O3, ZnO, Na2O, MgO, SO3, P2O5, CaO, K2O, MnO, Rb2O, and SrO at different concentrations. SEM morphology was conducted at magnification range of 500X and 1000X. The desert date (Balanites aegyptiaca) biochar DDSS-B showed higher level of porosity, overlapping surface and pores with spongy like structure while the produced acid–base biofunctional catalyst (DDSSAC/KOH/H2SO4) showed pores created during calcination filled with the active sites during the impregnation process, resulting in the changed of shape and particle sizes. BET analysis showed an increased in specific surface area, pore volume and pore size from DDSSB to DDSSAC/KOH/H2SO4. The functional groups attached to the surface of the DDSS was examined by FTIR at transmission spectra of 4000 – 650Cm3 showing –OH, C–H, C=O, C=C, C–O, S−O and P=O at different wave number among the samples. Based on the results desert date seed shells (DDSS) will be a promising feed stock for catalyst synthesis.

Agricultural wastes, often considered non-productive byproducts, may contain valuable substances. With growing environmental concerns over fossil fuel use and resource depletion, there is a shift toward renewable energy sources. This study investigated the proximate composition and bioethanol production potential of sweet potato peels, watermelon rinds, and doum palm shells obtained from a farm in Aliero, Kebbi State, Nigeria. Proximate analysis followed AOAC standard methods, and bioethanol production involved dilute H₂SO₄ hydrolysis (2 M) at 121°C for 15 minutes. Significant differences (P<0.05) were observed in proximate composition: carbohydrate content was highest in doum palm shells (67.18%), followed by sweet potato peels (51.32%) and watermelon rinds (32.57%). FTIR analysis confirmed key ethanol functional groups, with O-H, C-H, and C=O peaks. Fuel property analysis showed significant variations (P<0.05), except for specific gravity. Flash points were 55.20°C (SPP), 47.60°C (WMR), and 45.90°C (DPS), while boiling points were 73.60°C, 78.00°C, and 62.80°C, respectively. These results suggest that the studied agricultural wastes have potential as bioethanol sources, which could be blended with conventional fuels. Further research is recommended to evaluate their suitability for combustion engines.